• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.37
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• pp.237-269
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• 2007

This study examined how newspapers covered the 60th anniversary of the historical event, 8 15 Independence Day. Specifically, five newspapers from three countries were content-analyzed to see differences, if any, based on country level and political ideology of the newspaper. The findings showed that Japanese newspapers yielded less amount of coverage than those of Korea and China. The newspapers of Korea and China used straight news format, while Japanese newspapers used opinion news format. In terms of information source, Korean newspapers and Chinese newspapers mainly relied on the information from the government, while Japanese newspapers took the information from citizen. The difference also revealed that Korean newspapers focused on domestic situation frame and the other countries more emphasized past memory of the War times. Consequently, the three countries showed clearly different perspectives on the same historical event. These distinctions were caused from national interest rather than political ideology of the newspaper.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.71
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• pp.71-98
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• 2018

This study is aimed to figure out the way Yoon Hee-sun perceived the real situations of the society under the Japanese ruling and responded to overcome difficulties in the process of anti-Japanese independence movement. Yoon Hee-sun played an important role as a female activist of the righteous army movement in Kangweon-do and Manchuria. She was a daughter-in-law of Yu Hong-seok, wife of Yu Jae-won, and mother of Yu Don-sang. Three generations of her family had taken the lead in anti-Japanese independence movement. The Yus belonged to a school of 'Hwaseo' and devoted their lives to the independent movement based on the thought of 'wijung chuksa sasang', which means 'defending orthodoxy and rejecting heterodoxy'. They desired to go back to the past and recover as it was rather than building a new society. Therefore, their fights against Japan's invasion were not for establishing a modern nation-state but for recovering the royal authority of the existing order. Both her maiden home and her in-laws belonged to a school of 'Hwaseo' and Yoon Hee-sun couldn't go out of the boundary of her family background. Also, the motivation of her participation in the righteous army movement was based on the confucian values such as loyalty to the king, filial piety and fidelity. In particular, she possessed a high level of self-awareness not only as a wife but also as a woman. On the basis of this, she faced up to reality. For the more effective way of revolt against Japan's invasion, she determined to change the perception of women identified only as a wife of somebody. She thought her duty was to enlighten women through 'education'. As a result, manifestoes and songs supporting the righteous army movement were used as a powerful method.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.253-277
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify work-family balance values(work-family centrality, marriage value, child-care value, work value etc) in Korea, Japan and U. K.. Moreover, This article investigated the attitudinal generational gap in each countries. Participants were 311 Korean, 324 Japanese and 322 English married working women, who were in the thirties fifties. The major findings of this study were as follows. Compared to Japan and U. K., Korean married working women were more work-centered and likely to seek for extrinsic work value as well as intrinsic work value. While they were highly thought that a woman should work despite of her marriage, it was also strongly concerned if their work negatively affected family life, they should be better to quit their job. These results showed that conservative-liberal values were coexisted in Korean participants. Secondly, U. K. participants were more centered on the family-oriented value and thought that women were not necessary to work in work-family conflict, in comparison to Korean and Japanese. As a result of cluster analysis, they were a lot distributed in 'woman's family care oriented group' which was weigh on woman's role as a family care giver as well as 'family value oriented group'. Thirdly, Japan participants not only were less family-centered but also less work-centered. In the similar vein, they were less motivated and oriented to all of intrinsic and extrinsic work values compared with participants in Koran and U. K. On the other hand, Japanese participants, in sharp contrast to Korean, had a liberal viewpoint in work-family related values, such as woman's work, career break caused by work-family conflict, and family values. We were trying to interpret these results in consideration of socio-economic-politic as well as psychological aspects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.164-180
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• 2012

This study focuses on the hats in the advertisements of the newspapers from the Greater Korean Empire to the Time of Independence. There were Yeomo(禮帽), Jungsanmoja(中山帽子), Jungjeolmoja(中折帽子), Women's hat, Undongmoja(運動帽子), and Hakdomoja(學徒帽子) from 1897 to the 1900s. The names of the hats were written with Chinese characters as there was no specific name for women's hats. There were a lot of hats in the 1910s; Jungjeolmoja, Jungsanmoja, Hukyeomoja(黑禮帽子), Panama, Doriuchi(鳥打;とり-うち), Maggomo(麥程帽), Ilkyomoja(一交字帽), cheongyeonmo(靑年帽), Jajacheongyeonmo(刺子靑年帽), Hakaaksangmo(學生帽), Undongmo, Laparyunmoja, Banghanmo(防寒帽), Mokchulmo(目出帽), Pungbangi(風防耳), Nambaui, and Pungdongi(風憧耳). Most of the hats were western hats for men. From the 1920s to 1930s, the hats were classified as to the shape and uses as compared to before that period. The hats were advertised in the newspapers such as Jungjeolmoja, Jungsanmoja, Panama, Doriuchimo, Maggomo, Ilkyomoja, cheongyeonmo, Jajacheongyeonmo, Hakaaksangmo, Undongmo, Banghanmo, Mokchulmo(目出帽), Adongmokchulmo(兒童目出帽), Pungdongi, and Pungchasamsangun(風遮三山巾). There is little information about hats from the late 1930s to the time of independence because of the censorship of the press. The hats during that period were almost the same as the before that time. There was a new name of a cap, Jeontumoja(戰鬪帽子) which was for a soldier. The hats in that period were one of the westernized items with shoes before the westernization of the Korean costume under Japanese imperialism. Furthermore, the western hats could be spread by the men who were in the center of the society. On the other hand, women's western hats were not common because women had rarely worn them before that period. They just wore traditional winter caps steadily.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2007-2017
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• 2016

Background: Modifying lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise can reduce the risk of cancer. Psychological stress (PS) might be indirectly associated with cancer because it alters lifestyle factors. However, the relationship among these variables has not been fully investigated. Thus, we examined interactions between self-reported PS (SRPS) and habitual exercise on diet. Materials and Methods: In all, 5,587 men and 2,718 women were divided into "exerciser" and :non-exerciser" groips, based on whether they exercised reguarly, and classified into three SRPS levels: low, moderate and high. Diet was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Using a general linear model, food and nutrient consumption was estimated for each SRPS level in the 2 exercise groups, and the interactions between SRPS levels and exercise were calculated. Results: In women, the intake of pork and beef, low fat milk and yogurt, natto (fermented soybean), carrots and squash, other root vegetables, mushrooms, seaweeds, and wine along with the nutrients vegetable protein, soluble, insoluble and total dietary fiber, daidzein, genistein, carotene, retinol equivalents, vitamin B2, pantothenic acid, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and iron demonstrated significant interaction with SRPS and habitual exercise (p for interaction <0.05). In men, raw and green leafy vegetable and fruit and vegetable juice significantly interacted with SRPS and habitual exercise (p for interaction <0.05). Conclusions: We suggest that certain foods and nutrients, which are thought to have a protective effect against cancer, interact with SRPS and habitual exercise, especially in women. This information is valuable for understanding and improving interventions for cancer prevention.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 1992

Food consumption pattern between Korea and Japan were compared on the basis of the data from the National Nutrition survey which has been carried out annually in Korea (1969-1988) and in Japan (1950-1988) for the guide of the future food and nutrition policy. Total food intake has been decreased in Japan since 1973. In spite of fluctation of total food intake, there was an increase of food consumption in Korea. The intake of animal food has been increased, while that of vegetable food decreased, in both countries. Proportion of the total food intake from animal sources of Japanese in 1988, 25.3%, was greater than that of Koreans, 20%. The intakes of cereal and grain products have been decreased in both countries, but the amount of these food groups consumed by Koreans was 70 to 80g more than that by Japanese in 1988. When the animal food intake was compared, intakes of meats, fishes, shellfish and eggs have been increased considerably in Korea. Intakes of milk and milk products and meat have been increased, while those of fishes, shellfishes and eggs kept an even level since 1975, in Japan. According to changes of the national standards of height and weight in both countries, the average height has been increased greatly from 1970 to 1980 in Korea, and the tendency was the same for the average weight.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2019

The material composition of 19 ornaments used for women's hats in the late $19^{th}$ century to $20^{th}$ century, which are kept at National Folk Museum of Korea, was analyzed using SEM-EDS. Sixteen ornaments were composed of $Na_2O$ and PbO, which form adifferent lead glass from those that have been excavated or handed down since ancient times in Korea. The chemical composition analysis has confirmed that two ornaments belong to the mixed alkali glass, while one belongs to the potash glass IIItype. This lead glass is similar in composition to the Japanese craft lead glass that was imported to Joseon during the Japanese colonial era. It is estimated that the lead glass ornaments used in women's hats in the late $19^{th}$ century to $20^{th}$ century were made from raw materials imported from Japan or made from lead glass used for crafts in Japan. This shows that jewelry such as jade and amber, which have been traditionally used in the modern and present ages, have been replaced by craft lead glass imported from Japan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2003

The objects of this study are to find out (1) real situation of the food supply in prison under Imperial Government of Japan more cleary (historical meaning) and (2) which might help in understanding wrong present food consumption patterns in Korea which causes environmental as well as health problems. It is generally known that the length of the Japanese occupation for Korea is 36 years. However, it is concluded in this study that it was longer (70 years ; from 1875 to 1945 from when Japanese Army attacked and occupied Yungjongdo and Kanghwado island to e time when they were defeated on World War II.) Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 then the Imperial Government of Japan dismissed the Korea Army, controlled the Office of Justice and the management of prison by force. Since then about 50% of all land was fell into Japanese Government ownership and 80% of Korean farmers became as tenant. After this change, Korea farmers were forced to pay extremely high rent (up to 80% of its harvest). Forced immigration, low price procurement of grain by Japanese government up to more than 30%of their production, was practiced. Accordingly, the food situation of Korean farmers became miserable, which may caused more violations of Imperial Japanese Law. Malnutrition, epidemic diseases, mortality rate of infants soared and average life expectancy shortened to 20-30 years old. This was the period of World Economic Crises and Food Crises in Japan. It was said then that if one Japanese comes to Korea then 200 Koreans will starved to death. Meanwhile, Proconsul Bureau of Chosun requested to the Department of Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyungsung to survey food supply situation of Koreans in prison throughout Korea. Objectives of the survey then was not only to find out scientifically whether it is agreeable in maintaining prisoner's health and also find out the possibility to save food during food crisis. Survey was started from 1923 and ended in 1945, and it focussed on prisoners in the Seodaemoon Prison. This report is the outcome of the first survey. They concluded that the food supplied was nutritionally (had) no problem, in compare with those of workers in the factory, students in the dormitory in Japan and with those of prisoners in Taiwan, France and Germany. Amount of grain supplied were different according to their work lord and was divided into 9 different levels. Total grain was consisted of 50% millet, 30% soybean and 20% indica rice(variety). However, there were no difference in the amount of supply of side dishes between work groups. For the highest working group, 3280g of boiled grain per day was supplied to make stomach full but as a side dishes, salty fermented bean paste, fermented fish and salty soups, etc. was supplied. Deficiency of animal protein were observed, however, high intake of soybean may possibly caused animal protein deficiency problem. On the contrary, the intake of water soluble vitamins were insufficient but the level of calcium and iron intake seems to be sufficient, however, imbalance of intake of nutrition may caused low absorbtion rate which might caused malnutrition. High intake of dietary fiber and low intake of cholesterol may possibly prohibited them from so called modem disease but may caused the defect in disease resistancy againist epidemics and other traditional disease. Over intake of salt(20-30g per day) was observed. Surveyors who attended in this survey, mentioned that the amount of food intake may nutritionally be sufficient enough but the quality of food(and possibly, the taste of food) were like that of animal feed. For the officials who received this report might consider that considering the war situation and food crisis, the supply situation of food in the prison may considered to be good enough(because they are not starving). But as a Korean who studied this report, one feel extremely pity about those situation because (situation of) those period were very harsh under the Imperial Law and keeping the Law by Koreans were almost impossible, therefore, about one third adult violated the Law and were put into jail. And they were treated like animals.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2015

From the 1920s to 1945, East Asia experienced radical social change with the introduction of new fashion styles, and new ways of thinking, from the West. The emergence of a new generation of "new women" educated in modern schools was part of this phenomenon, and functioned as a trend-setting influence in East Asian society. In schools, education in dressmaking, sewing, and home economics were important parts of female education. Adopting a new fashion style is, by necessity, accompanied by the new technology of dressmaking. Given that ready-made clothing was not generally available, dressmaking education also served to introduce a new material culture. In Korea and Taiwan under Japanese colonization, the greater part of school curricula and textbooks mirrored those in Japan, which enabled these countries to develop and adopt transnational styles as well as local styles. This research explores the transition of women's fashion in East Asia in modern and colonial conditions from the 1920s to the 1940s by analysing curricula and textbooks on dressmaking in comparison with the prevailing styles in each region. This is expected to suggest the impact of modernity in East Asia and the transnational styles of fashion in colonial Korea and Taiwan, as well as Japan, developed within the local culture. Colonial conditions are also discussed in terms of their impact and limitations in the transition of styles.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.161-175
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• 2016

Sensitivity has become more important in relation to design in a changing social environment and atmosphere. In the West, the concept of aesthetics has long been established but in the East, only in the seventeenth and eighteenth century China the discussion had begun. In Korea where the first scholarly discussion on aesthetics had begun around 1929, more and more rigorous and theoretical discussions emerge nowadays. Korean beauty consists of unplanned Beauty and unplanned planned Beauty. Japanese beauty consists of the beauty of half-articulation and the beauty of articulation. While both Korea and Japan base their sense of beauty on nature, Korea emphasizes the nature as it is and Japan values the artful decorative elements. In modern Korean fashion, the characteristic Korean aesthetics of unplanned Beauty appears in the various expressive techniques such as the movement with natural gathering, the use of natural materials like cotton, the harmonization of black and white, and simplified silhouette. Also, there are plays on balance and proportion using straight and curves lines and variegated colors and creative printing, intentional asymmetry, and destrution.