• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.230-237
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• 2015

Purpose: Various gastrointestinal factors may contribute to maladaptive behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). To determine the association between maladaptive behavior in children with ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms such as severity, intestinal microbiota, inflammation, enterocyte damage, permeability and absorption of opioid peptides. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study compared children with ASD to healthy controls, aged 2-10 years. Maladaptive behavior was classified using the Approach Withdrawal Problems Composite subtest of the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory. Dependent variables were gastrointestinal symptom severity index, fecal calprotectin, urinary D-lactate, urinary lactulose/mannitol excretion, urinary intestinal fatty acids binding protein (I-FABP) and urinary opioid peptide excretion. Results: We did not find a significant difference between children with ASD with severe or mild maladaptive behavior and control subjects for gastrointestinal symptoms, fecal calprotectin, urinary D-lactate, and lactulose/mannitol ratio. Urinary opioid peptide excretion was absent in all children. Children with ASD with severe maladaptive behavior showed significantly higher urinary I-FABP levels compared to those with mild maladaptive behavior (p=0.019) and controls (p=0.015). Conclusion: In our series, maladaptive behavior in ASD children was not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, intestinal inflammation (no difference in calprotectin), microbiota (no difference in urinary D-lactate) and intestinal permeability (no difference in lactulose/manitol ratio). ASD children with severe maladaptive behavior have significantly more enterocyte damage (increased urinary I-FABP) than ASD children with mild maladaptive behavior and normal children.

• 아동학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.47-61
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• 2010

This study examined the moderated effects of self-control on the relationship between elementary school children's excessive use of the Internet and their stress levels. The participants were 403 elementary school children from Chungnam-do. The instruments used were the 'Internet Addiction Autodiagnosis Scale (K-Scale)', the 'Stress Scale' and the 'Self-control Rating Scale'. The collected data were analyzed by t test, F test and the Scheffe test for a post hoc test, Pearson's partial correlation and stepwise multiple regression, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for reliability by SPSS program (17.0 version). The results were as follows : First, it was found that there were significant differences in terms of excessive use of the Internet, stress levels, and self-control by gender, grade, academic achievement, the beginning year of first Internet access and the number of hours of Internet usage hours per day. Second, there were significant positive correlations between excessive use of the Internet (r = .40, p < .001) and stress levels (r = .44, p < .001) and the immediate satisfaction of self-control. Finally, the immediate satisfaction of self control was seen to moderate the relationships between the total scores for the excessive use of the Internet and stress levels and between withdrawal of excessive use of the Internet and the accompanying stress levels.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.184-193
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• 1994

저자들은 성학대를 경험한 소아청소년에 있어서 가족내와 가족외의 성학대형태와 가해자의 특성, 소아의 연령과 학대 형태에 따른 증상의 차이, 부모의 반응, 치료과정등의 임상적 특징을 살펴보았다. 연구대상은 1992년 1월부터 1993년 12월까지 국립서울정신병원 외래를 방문한 소아청소년 성학대아 10명을 대상으로 하였다. 가족내 성학대의 경우 가족외 성학대인 경우보다 좀더 만성적인 경과와 더 심한 가족병리를 보였고 학령전기에는 주로 신체적 증상과 불안이, 학령기에는 우울반응, 위축이 좀더 두드러졌다. 가족의 반응에서는 분노와 죄책감이 가장 흔하였고 치료는 위기개임중재, 놀이치료, 필요한 경우 입원치료가 시행되었다. 치료의 유지는 부모의 회피와 억압으로 어려움을 겪었다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.15-26
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate adolescents' maladjustment in terms of type and source of social support. The main results of this study were as follows; 1. In social support source the mean score of peer support was higher than family support. In social support type the mean score of expressive support was higher than other support type. 2. Social support source was found significantly different according to sex of the children educational level of the father and mother and income. Social support type was found significantly different according to sex of the children educational level of the father and mother. Maladjustment were found significantly different according to sex of the children educational level of the father and mother Maladjustment were found significantly different according to sex of the children educational level of the father and mother income and marital satisfaction of the mother. 3. In social support source it was significantly it was signif cantly different according to all maladjustment subscale in family support and to over-anxiousness social withdrawal and hyperactivity in peer support. In social support type it was significantly different according to over-anxiousness hyperactivity and delinquency in esteem support and to over-anxiousness in informational support.

• 아동학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.37-52
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• 2007

This study was planned to develop an Internet Game Addiction Scale for 9- to 12-year-old Korean children. Based on literature review and analysis of counseling cases, the concept of the internet game addiction was defined. Items of the scale were developed and then the content validity of the scale was examined by 20 professionals. Then a preliminary survey of 188 3rd to 6th grade students was made, and the main survey of 699 3rd to 6th grade students throughout Korea. The main results are as follows; [I] Internet Game Addiction Scale consists of 3 factors with 20 items : game-oriented life(6 items), tolerance & mastery loss(7 items), and withdrawal & emotional experience(7 items); [II] appropriateness of item mean and standard deviation was proved, a 3-factor structure confirmed through factorial analysis and cross validation; [III] appropriateness of the scale confirmed through criterion validity and reliability.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.103-115
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• 2005

This study utilized data (a sample of 18,553 people born in 1958 in England, Scotland, and Wales) from the National Child Development Study of 1968 and 1991 to explore the influence of familial difficulties on the internalizing behavioral patterns during the early adolescent period and late life outcomes periods. In this paper, internalizing behavioral problems include 'depression', 'anxiety', 'hostility to adults', 'hostility to children', and 'withdrawal'. Late outcomes were analyzed in two different variables and one marital management domain: 'unemployment', 'seen doctors about emotional problems', 'divorce or separation; never lived as a couple; arguments end in violent behavior' The results indicate that young adolescents who had experienced familial difficulties also have internalizing behavioral problems giving them emotional and behavioral instability. The findings also show that familial difficulties during childhood positively contribute to late life outcomes such as unemployment, emotional problems, and marital management. This study suggests that in order to effectively respond to the needs of children and adolescents who have experienced various familial difficulties, counselors and educators must guide parents.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.242-256
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the characteristics of morphological, contextual as relational aggression among 4-year old children during free play periods. The ethnographic methods included participants observation of children's play interaction behaviors, field notes, video taping and analysis of transcribed date. The results are as exclusion occurred by group power taking the relational attribute, including direct language, while the other would not be revealed easily other than being in line with real relation. Also as follows; proactive relational aggression was more frequently observed in girls, and their major strategies employed against someone they disliked were ignoring them, distorting play-rules, and so on. Major strategies of reactive relational aggression in girls were largely manipulative in nature, for example, 'threatrning their friend' and 'withdrawal of friendship'.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.76-81
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• 2012

Objectives : Childhood is a critical period involving various developmental tasks that need to be accomplished. Childhood depression has overall negative implications for certain areas of development, including cognition, emotion, social skills, academic achievement, and ability to cope with stress. Yet, because depression can be "masked" by accompanying behavioral problems, early detection and diagnosis of childhood depression is somewhat challenging. In this study, using the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), we evaluated the association between children's self reports on depression and parents' assessment of children's behaviors. Methods : Subjects were recruited from the S city, a cohort comprising a non-random convenience sample of 226, 10-year-old ethnic Koreans in their fourth year of elementary school and their parents. All participants underwent several tests, including Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and K-CBCL. Results : A total of 226 children, including 166 boys (73.5%) and 60 girls (26.5%), participated in the study. The average CDI for the participants was 14.57 (SD=7.54). Two items on the K-CBCL, total scale of adjustment scale and social withdrawal problems, showed a close association with the CDI. Conclusion : Although much remains to be elucidated, after controlling for covariates, the results of this study suggested that behavioral problems observed in children may be closely associated with depression.

• 아동학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2016

Objective: This study examined the relationships among preschoolers' temperament, intelligence, and problem behaviors. Intelligence was individually measured by the newly standardized K-WPPSI-IV (2015). Methods: The participants were 113 children (4-6 years old), their mothers and teachers. The following instruments were administered: EAS, K-WPPSI-IV, K-CBCL. Descriptive and correlational analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0. Results and Conclusion: The major results were as follows. First, sociability of temperament was negatively correlated with depression, withdrawal, and internalizing problem behavior. Second, activity and sociability of temperament were positively correlated with the most of the K-WPPSI-IV major indices (VCI, VSI, FRI, PSI, FSIQ, NVI, GAI, CPI). Third, depression, withdrawal, and internalizing problem behavior were negatively correlated with NVI and CPI indices of the K-WPPSI-IV. Attention problem and externalizing problem behavior were negatively correlated with FRI, WMI, FSIQ, NVI, GAI, and CPI indices of K-WPPSI-IV.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권12호
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• pp.1559-1570
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• 2002

목 적 : 간질 치료에 있어서 치료 중 무 발작 기간이 장기간 지속되는 환자에서 항전간제를 언제까지 투여할 것인가에 대한 답은 아직 확실히 제시된 바없다. 따라서 무 발작기간이 지속되는 환자들에서 항전간제 투여 중지 후 재발에 관계된 위험인자를 분석-평가함으로서 항전간제 중지시기에 대한 안내 지침에 도움이 되고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1993년부터 1998년 6월까지 경희대학교 의과대학 부속병원에서 간질로 진단받고 항전간제 투여 후 최소 2년 동안 무 발작으로 조절되어 약물투여가 중지된 환아 169명(남자 102명, 여자 67명)을 대상으로 하였다. 간질의 진단은 임상 병력, 신경학적 및 이학적 소견, 검사실 소견과 발작 간기에 기록한 뇌파를 기준으로 하였으며 필요한 경우 뇌의 구조병변의 유무를 규명하기 위하여 두부 전산화 촬영이나 자기공명상을 실시하였다. 재발 위험 인자는 성별, 초 발작 연령, 간질 가족력, 열성 경련의 병력, 간질의 원인, 발작형, 치료 전 발작 횟수, 신경학적 이상 여부, 발작 발생부터 치료 시작까지의 기간, 항전간제 사용에서 최종 발작까지의 기간, 총 약물 치료 기간, 약물 치료 중 재발여부, 항전간제 치료 중지 직전의 뇌파, 항전간제의 수, 항전간제 중지 시 연령, 무 발작 기간, 등 총 16가지를 선정하여 Kaplan-Meier 생존 분석에 의한 단 인자분석(전체, 특발성, 증후성)과 Cox-regression 모형에 의한 다 인자 분석을 각각 시행하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환아 총 169명 중 재발한 경우가 49명(28.9%)에서 나타났으며, 항전간제 치료기간은 평균 4.1년(2-13년)이었고 항전간제 치료 중지 후 평균 추적 관찰 기간은 4.1년, 무 발작 기간은 평균 3.3년(2-5년)이었다. 각 위험인자에 따른 단 인자 분석에서 초 발작 연령이 1세 미만인 경우, 간질의 원인이 증후성, 발작형이 영아연축 및 레녹스 증후군>부분 발작군>전신 발작군=롤락딕 발작군 순으로 재발률이 높았다. 또한 신경학적 이상을 보인 군과 발작 조절기간이 0인 경우보다 2년 이상인 군과 조절에 사용한 약물수가 2개 이상인 경우, 약물 중지 시 연령이 6세 이하인 군과 무 발작 기간이 2년>3-4년>4년 이상인 순으로 재발율이 높게 나타났다. 결 론 : 항전간제로 치료 시작 후 2년을 초과한 기간동안 무 발작이 계속되고 있는 6세 이상의 간질 환아에서는, 발작초발 연령이나 발작형, 사용하고 있는 항전간제의 수, 치료 시작 후 발작조절에 걸린 기간, 총 치료기간, 발작의 원인, 신경학적 이상 여부 등을 고려하여, 또 항전간제를 끊고자 하는 환아나 보호자의 의지 등에 따라 항전간제의 중단을 고려하여야 한다.