• 환경위생공학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2001

The increase of economic growth has brought out the noise pollutions in city regions. To evaluate these problems, this study was investigated to assessment and analysis of noise pollutions at Cheongju area in winter and summer seasons. The noise levels were measured and analyzed at the general areas the 4 roadside areas (park, residential, commercial, and industrial area). As a result, following facts have been found. The equivalent sound levels(Leq) at general are in winter were 51.3∼78.2 dB(A) at the daytime and 41.1∼63.1 dB(A) at the nighttime And in summer there were 53.5∼77.3 dB(A) at the daytime and 41.9∼64.0 dB(A) at the nighttime, respectively. These values were higher than average value of Korea. At the roadside area, the values of Leq were 51.9∼72.8 dB(A) at the daytime, 44.3∼68.2 dB(a) at the nighttime in winter, and in summer there were 62.5∼73.1 dB(A) at the daytime and 50.4∼68.3 dB(A) at the nighttime, respectively. These values were lower than average value of Korea. The calculated traffic noise index(TNI) were 64.6∼93.6 at the daytime and 26.5∼106.6 at the nighttime in winter, In summer, there were 65.0∼90.7 at the daytime, and 32.3∼91.8 at the nighttime. The TNI values varied wide ranges at the nighttime according to traffic volumes.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.216-221
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• 1993

This study was carried out to determine the concentration of gaseous nitrate$(HNO_3)$ particulate nitrate$(NO_3^-)$ and conversion rate of NOx to nitrate in atmosphere in Seoul from Oct 1991 to July 1992. The average concentration of gaseous nitrate in daytime(09:00 - 17:00) was 9.93, 3.37, 7.40 and 10.40$\mug/m^3$ and, in highttime was 6.21, 7.31, 4.79 and 3.86$\mug/m^3$ respectively. The concentratin of $HNO_3$ was greater in summer and daytime than winter and nighttime. But the concentration of $NO_3^-$ was greater in winter and nighttime than in summer and daytime. The average conversion rate of NOx to $HNO_3$(Fn) indaytime was 13.18, 3.78, 9.13 and 23.13% and, in nighttime was 3.06, 1.37, 1.70 and 8.72% during fall, winter, spring and summer respectively. But the average conversion rate of NOx to $NO_3^-$(Fn') in daytime was 5.79, 5.77, 2.63 and 3.90% and in nighttime was 5.95, 6.51, 3.25 and 4.84% respectively. The average conversion rate of NOx to total nitrate $(HNO_3 + NO_3^-)$(Fn') was 12.72, 7.81, 7.82 and 18.40% respectively. The average conversion rate of NOx to $HNO_3$(Fn) was greater than $NO_3^-$(Fn') about 1.6 times.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2002

본 연구는 최근 30년 (1971-2000) 최한월 (1월) 평균 기온 및 풍속, 일사량 자료를 토대로 산출한 겨울철 주.야간 바람냉각지수의 분포를 바탕으로 남한의 겨울철 생리 기후지역을 구분하였다. 그 결과. 겨울철 주.야간 바람냉각지수는 기온, 풍속, 일사량 등의 기후요소뿐 아니라 해발고도, 해륙풍, 지형, 해류 등의 기후인자의 영향을 받아 남한은 크게 5개의 생리기후지역으로 세분되었다: 주간 서늘-야간 추움 지역, 주간 쌀쌀-야간 추움 지역, 주간 쌀쌀-야간 매우추움 지역, 주.야간 모두 추움 지역, 주간 추움-야간 극도로 추움 지역, 특히, 남해안을 제외한 해안-도서지역은 계절풍 및 해륙풍의 영향으로 주간에는 싸늘함(Keen), 야간에는 매우 추움(Very Cold)의 체감도를 보였다. 또한, 해발고도가 높은 대관령 지역에서는 기온 감률 및 계절풍의 영향으로 주간에는 추움(Cold), 야간에는 극도로 추움(Extremely Cold)의 체감도를 보였다. 본 연구는 다양하게 나타나는 주야간 바람냉각지수의 분포를 바탕으로 남한의 겨울철 생리기후 지역을 구분함으로써 의복 및 건축 등의 단열에 관한 의사결정시 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2019

This acoustic experiment noted that fish species in Chilam-Gijang marine ranching area were more densely distributed in the pelagic zone during nighttime than daytime. In each season, the gill nets caught 15 different fish species and the estimated average target strengths were -44.0 dB and -44.4 dB for autumn and winter surveys, respectively. The estimated autumn fish biomass were 7.7 tons and 26.0 tons during daytime and nighttime, respectively. Winter biomass was 2.27 tons and 30.97 tons during daytime and nighttime, respectively. Different fish species form schools that exhibit different movements and behaviors, and thereby occupy varying water layers. These results explained the estimated fish biomass, and variation with seasons and time of the surveys around artificial reefs in Chilam Bay, Korea.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.241-252
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• 1994

Meteorological parameters In the atmospheric boundary layer and the vertical and horizontal dispersion parameters were determined by analyzing the data obtained by the special upper-air observations of one clear day for each season from October 1991 to August 1992. The concentration of the aklospheric pollutants over Taegu was analyzed by using the application of the Gaussian diffusion model. In the diurnal variation of diffusion of atmospheric pollutants, vertical diffusion due to turbulence is active in daytime while horizontal diffusion due to wind is active in nighttime. The mean concentration of pollutants in the side of downwind is higher during the daytime than the nighttime. Thus, the height of the mixed-layer at the nighttime considered as the most important parameter of the mean concentration of pollutants. In the seasonal variation of diffusion of atmospheric pollutants, vertical diffusion due to strong solar radiation is active in summer case day, and horizontal diffusion due to strong wind is active in winter case day. In winter case day, the mean concentration of pollutants in the side of downwind is maximum in the daytime. However, in summer case day, that is maximum in the nighttime.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.295-303
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• 2012

In this study, we compared the precipitable water vapor (PWV) data derived from the radiosonde observation data at Sokcho Observatory and the PWV data at Sokcho Global Positioning System (GPS) Observatory provided by Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, for the years of 2006, 2008, 2010, and analyzed the radiosonde seasonal, diurnal bias according to radiosonde sensor types. In the scatter diagram of the daytime and nighttime radiosonde PWV data and the GPS PWV data, dry bias was found in the daytime radiosonde observation as known in the previous study. Overall, the tendency that the wet bias of the radiosonde PWV increased as the GPS PWV decreased and the dry bias of the radiosonde PWV increased as the GPS PWV increased. The quantitative analysis of the bias and error of the radiosonde PWV data showed that the mean bias decreased in the nighttime except for 2006 winter, and in comparison for summer, RS92-SGP sensor showed the highest quality.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제21권E1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2005

The concentration levels of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in ambient air have been investigated from a monitoring station located in Yang Jae district of Seoul, Korea for a long-term period covering 1997 through 2002. The mean concentration of Hg, if computed based on its hourly measurement data for this six-year period, was $5.32\pm3.53 ng m^{-3} (N = 27,170)$. The inspection of the diurnal distribution patterns indicated the presence of notably high concentration levels during nighttime relative to daytime (e.g., the mean hourly value as high as $9 ng m^{-3}$ in winter nighttime). When divided seasonally, the highest mean of $6.12 ng m^{-3}$ was also observed during winter followed by spring, fall, and summer. The results of our analysis confirmed the relative dominance of winter (seasonally) or nighttime (diurnally), while exhibiting a complicated trend on a long-term basis. Examination of our data over a different temporal scale consistently indicated that dynamic changes in Hg concentrations occurred through time in line with changes in the strength and diversity of the source processes. It is thus acknowledged that the presence of unusually high Hg levels is the consequence of intense man-made activities, while such signatures can vary in a competitive manner.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.219-230
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• 2001

최근 4년간(1996∼1999) 동해 연근해역에 투하된 30개의 Argos 표류부이로 관측한 주야간 해표면 온도차이 1,438개 data set 값에 대한 계절별 시공간적 변동양상을 분석하였다. 표류부이에 의해 매일 관측된 수온이 정확히 같은 장소의 것이 아니더라도 하루동안의 공간 이동은 중규모(mesoscale) 공간분석의 관점에서 볼 때, 동일 해역의 수온 변동을 값으로 활용할 수 있다는 결론을 얻었다. 동해 전 해역에서 주야간 온도차의 계절 변화에 대한 변동범위와 RMS (root mean square) 진폭을 구한 결과, 겨울보다 여름에 2∼6배정도 큰 계절 변동을 보였고, 년중 늦봄과 초가을에 가장 큰 일변화를 나타냈다. 주야간 온도차의 공간변동의 경우, 동해의 아극전선대(subpolar front)를 중심으로, 북쪽의 한류권이 남쪽의 난류권 해역보다 월별 이상변동폭이 컸으나 계절 변동폭은 난류권역이 상대적으로 큰 변동양상을 나타내었다. 운동성이 심한 와동류(eddy)가 형성되어 있는 원산근해에서 위성 및 표류부이로 현장 측정한 동시 공간적 표면수온과 주야간 온도차 값을 비교함으로써 위성 추정 표면수온의 주야간 온도차 값에 대한 신뢰성 문제를 검토하고 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.33-43
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• 1999

This paper aims to describe the characteristics of air pollution using air pollutants concentration and meteorological data observed at Kimhae from December 1996 to November, 1997. The results are as follows : The concentration distribution of sulfur dioxide($SO_2$), carbon monoxide(CO), particulate matter(PM-10), and nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$) is high during the late fall and winter and low during the summer, but ozone concentration is low during the winter season and high during summer season except Jangma period and these distributions appear to be closely connected with insolation and the number of clear day. Diurnal variation of concentrations for sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide are high during the rush hours and nighttime and low during the daytime and these variations are distinct toward the winter season. And diurnal variation of nitrogen dioxide concentration has also same pattern and these patterns are closely related to the increasing traffic volume at rush hours. Diurnal variation of ozone concentration is generally increase for daytime and decrease for the late afternoon and are closely related to the insolation and photochemical reaction. The 24 hour average concentrations of air pollutant observed at Kimhae represented a positive correlation and a negative correlation for $O_3$ and also a negative correlation for the meteorological elements such as wind speed and cloud cover.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.121-131
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• 2019

The ionospheric mid-latitude trough (IMT) is the electron density depletion phenomenon in the F region during nighttime. It has been suggested that the IMT is the result of complex plasma processes coupled to the magnetosphere. In order to statistically investigate the characteristics of the IMT, we analyze topside sounding data from Alouette and ISIS satellites in 1960s and 1970s. The IMT position is almost constant for seasons and solar activities whereas the IMT depth ratio and the IMT feature are stronger and clearer in the winter hemisphere under solar minimum condition. We also calculated transition heights at which the densities of oxygen ions and hydrogen/helium ions are equal. Transition heights are generally higher in daytime and lower in nighttime, but the opposite aspects are seen in the IMT region. Utilizing the Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) electron temperature measurements, we find that the electron temperature in the IMT region is enhanced at night during winter. The increase of electron temperature may cause fast transport of the ionospheric plasma to the magnetosphere via ambipolar diffusion, resulting in the IMT depletion. This mechanism of the IMT may work in addition to the simply prolonged recombination of ions proposed by the traditional stagnation model.