• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제76권3호
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• pp.243-248
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• 1987

The U.S. Forest Service administers the world's largest forestry research organization. From its modest beginning in 1876, some 30 years before the United States national forest system was established, the research branch has devoted its effort to meet current and future information needs of the forestry community of the United States, not just for the U.S. Forest Service. The research branch is one of three major administrative units of the U.S. Forest Service. The others being the National Forest System and State and Private Forestry. Currently the National Forest System comprises 155 national forests, 19 national grasslands, and 18 utilization projects located in 44 states. Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The National Forest System manages these areas for a large array of uses and benefits including timber, water, forage, wildlife, recreation, minerals, and wilderness. It is through the State and Private Forestry branch that the U.S. Forest Service cooperates and coordinates forestry activities and programs with state and local governments, forest industries, and private landowners. These activities include financial and technical assistance in disease, insect, and fire protection ; plan forestry programs ; improve harvesting and marketing practices ; and transfer forestry research results to user groups. Forestry research is carried out through eight regional Forest Experiment Stations and the Forest Product Laboratory. Studies are maintained at 70 administrative sites, and at 115 experimental forest and grasslands. All of the current sciences that composed modern forestry are included in the research program. These range from forest biology (i. e. silviculture, ecology, physiology, and genetics) to the physical, mathematical, engineering, managerial, and social sciences. The levels of research range from application, developmental, and basic research. Research planning and priority identification is an ongoing process with elements of the research program changing to meet short-term critical information needs(i. e. protection research) to long-term opportunities(i. e. biotechnology). Research planning and priority setting is done in cooperation with National Forest Systems, forest industries, universities, and individual groups such as environmental, wilderness, or wildlife organizations. There is an ongoing review process of research administration, organization, and science content to maintain quality of research. In the U.S. Forest Service the research responsibility is not completed until the new information is being applied by the various user group : I. e. technology transfer program. Research planning and development in the U.S. Forest Service is a dynamic activity. Porgrams for the year 2000 and beyond are now in the planning stage.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.481-496
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• 2009

해안은 다양한 지형 프로세스와 역사, 문화가 어우러져 지역에 따라 독특한 문화경관을 나타내고 있다. 미국 동부 해안을 따라 발달된 사주 섬은 문화경관의 지역적 차이를 잘 보여주고 있다. 사주 섬의 토지이용을 살펴보면, 1970년대 초에 조지아에서 5%, 노스캐롤라이나에서 14%, 그리고 뉴저지에서 47%가 도시적으로 이용되었다. 19세기 중반부터 개발되기 시작한 뉴저지의 해안지역에서는 성장억제책이 부족했고, 입법 활동에서 미래 해안환경에 대한 통찰력을 결여했기 때문에 많은 지역에서 자연 해빈이 대부분 사라지는 뉴저지제이션 현상이 발생했다. 노스캐롤라이나는 해안관리와 입법과정에서 탁월한 지혜를 보여 해안의 자연성을 회복해나가고 있다. 조지아 해안은 남북전쟁 이후 독특한 토지이용으로 자연성을 회복하였고, 1970년 이후 대부분의 사주 섬이 학술기관이나 환경보호 관련 기관의 관리로 이전되어 16개 가운데 9개의 사주 섬은 야생상태를 유지하고 있다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.15-27
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• 1999

Matting made of wools has a history which gose back even before B.C.7000, the time which is believed to be the starting point of the fabrication, production and usage of wools by the nomads in the Western and Central Asia who had made the living by breeding sheeps. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the function of wool matting in Asia. The research period limited to 9C A.D. When classified by the method of production of wool matting, the pile method and felt method have been widely used by the nomads in Western Asia and the cattle breeding nomads in Central Asia consecutively. From ancient times, wool matting has been considered to be one of the necessities by the nomads for living in the wilderness, and even at present, continued to be used by the people both for the purpose of everyday use and decoration. Other than fore-mentioned purposes, wool matting have function that is expressed the incantation, authorization and hierarchy, emotion and desire, and cultural exchange between nations. In addition, wool matting had also been used as a mark to show ownership and for military purposes. Even a simple wool matting had a different symbolism and function by different region and people throughout Asia. However, by finding and studying further abut what wool matting had symbolized and how it had been used, the tradition and history of wool matting could continue to attract the interests which will make the tradition to continue. And also, in order for the tradition to continue, the utmost efforts to innovate and produce better quality and design wool matting to fulfil the needs of modern times are truly required.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.377-390
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• 2017

Space-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations have been widely and successfully applied to acquire invaluable temporal and spatial information on wetlands, which are unique environments and regarded as important ecosystems. One of the best studied wetland area is Everglades, which is located in southern Florida, USA. As a World Heritage Site, the Everglades is the largest natural and subtropical wilderness in the United States. The Everglades wetlands have been threatened by anthropogenic activities such as urban expansion and agricultural development, as well as by natural processes, as sea level changes due to climate change. In order to conserve this unique wetland environment, various restoration plans have been implemented. In this review paper, we summarize the main studies using space-based SAR observations for monitoring the Everglades. The paper is composed of the following two sections: (1) review of backscattered amplitude analysis and observations, and (2) review of interferometric SAR (InSAR) analysis and applications. This study also provides an overview of a wetland InSAR technique and space-based SAR sensors. The goal of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive summary of space-based SAR monitoring of wetlands, using the Everglades wetlands as a case study.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2007

The roots of Aristolochia elegans Mast.(Aristolochiaceae) are widely used in Mexican traditional medicine as a remedy for scorpion venom. Current experimental evidence supports its purported antidote properties. However, collection from the wilderness has lead to local extinction of natural populations. In order to contribute to species preservation, cultivation, and standardization of morphological and pharmacological properties, a micropropagation method was developed. This includes in-vitro germination of seeds to produce aseptic plantlets, induction of multiple budding, and acclimatization. The treatment with benzylamino purine(10 ${\mu}M$) induced the highest number of buds(3.1 on average) in both types of explants. On the other hand, indolebutyric acid(1.5 ${\mu}M$) caused the highest root index(11.8) per explant. One hundred percent of the micropropagated plantlets developed vigorously after the acclimatization process.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2004

As urbanization becomes widely spread, environmental benefits of natural landscapes have been highly appreciated. The social demands to conserve such landscapes are becoming stronger in modem society. In order to effectively manage natural landscapes, one should know what natural landscapes are. The characteristics of natural landscapes revealed by foreign research include wilderness, absence of human intrusion, and presence of diverse natural element (plants, trees, waters). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of diverse natural landscapes with different levels of naturalness. The methods adopted here consist of three phases. First, 368 landscapes were photographed to include different levels of naturalness. Second, two professional landscape groups assessed the degree of naturalness of the collected landscapes, in which the characteristics of five degrees of naturalness were examined. Lastly, undergraduate students, as laypersons, assessed the 33 landscapes that were selected as representative of the five degrees of naturalness. The results show that there is no difference between professionals and laypersons on the assessment of naturalness of landscape. The characteristics of natural landscape that participants perceive include no human intrusion, preservation of original state, traditional quality such as Korean-style architecture, dominance of natural elements, and minimum facilities that harmonize with natural surroundings, Many characteristics are similar to the results of foreign research, However, the results reveal that Koreans do not perceive man-made nature as natural, while they perceive traditional elements as natural. Based on the results, some suggestions for landscape management are presented in the conclusion section.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.177-188
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• 2008

Attempts to develope designation criteria for ecological protected areas were made for rational and scientific designation and management of 'ecosystem and landscape conservation areas', 'wetland protection areas', 'special islands protection areas', and 'wildlife protected areas' which have been designated and managed by the Ministry of Environment. Through analysis of the requisites and criteria of IUCN, UNESCO, Natura 2000, the Ramsar convention, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany as well as various academic researches, evaluation items of the protected areas were classified into naturalness, biodiversity, ecosystem, and scientific values. These classification titles are reflection of Korean laws concerning the 4 protected areas described above. Of these items 'naturalness' is composed of 3 factors of wilderness, geomorphology and landscape, and vegetation. 'Biodiversity' is composed of the 5 factors of species diversity, endangered species, rare species, indigenous biological resources, and habitat of wetland wild animals. 'Ecosystem' is composed of 5 factors of typicalness, diversity, rarity, restoration ability, and degree of interference. All factors are scored using a 3 point scale of high, middle, or low and are then transformed into the numerical index for designating and zoning purposes. Conclusively, it is expected that the developed methodology will be highly applicable with field verifications.

• 영어영문학
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.237-264
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• 2011

Based on its geophysical feature, the island has long been recognized as a separate and self-sustaining space independent of neighboring continent or other islands. Literary tradition has used the island as a metaphor for a utopian alternative to mundane human society with its various kinds of wrongdoings. Recent nature writings have taken up this island metaphor to emphasize the wholeness of the ecosystem in specifically designated natural community or landscapes such as national parks or wilderness preservation areas. Human-nature relations as border-divided area is also recognized as the island. Modern island biogeography, however, has disproved such a concept of islands as autonomous, revealing the contrasting fact that the richness of species on an undisturbed island is determined largely by species immigration from and emigration to a source of colonists. This scientific finding has posited the island as the interconnected nature, but the public and metaphoric use of it still resorts to the old concept of it as isolated and autonomous nature, because this image has been ingrained deeply in our consciousness and culture. Considering the negative consequences from the recognition of nature and nature-humans as isolated space, we need a new nature metaphor that embodies interconnectedness in nature and of human-nature relations. Such feature of interconnectedness is best embedded in the concept of ecotone. Some ecotones are created and maintained through human participation in nature, and this human induced nature of ecotone denotes the possibilities of a constructive relation between them. The substitution of the island with the ecotone as the concept of nature and the image of human-nature relations is expected to correct ecocritical practices of reading of nature writing, which has been predominantly interpreted within the orientation of nature itself and nature-human relations as an isolated and self-autonomous island. Adopting the ecotone in literary study enables ecocriticism to dig out cultural elements embedded in nature writing and reveal socio-political, ideological factors hidden behind the writers' portrayal of nature as islands.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.633-638
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• 2018

우리는 각종 언론 보도를 통해 북한 내 식량난의 심각성을 지속적으로 전달받고 있다. 최근 들어서는 그 심각성이 날로 높아져 국제기구와 구호단체에서도 우려의 목소리가 커지고 있다. 식량난과 땔감의 부족으로 인해 주민들은 산에 있는 나무를 불법으로 벌목하여 산림의 황폐화도 아시아에서 3번째로 빠르게 진행되고 있는 지역에 해당된다. 그러나 북한의 경우 직접적인 산림의 황폐화 정도를 측정할 수 없으므로, 위성영상을 이용한 원격탐사기법을 적용해야한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 산림의 황폐화에 대한 심각성을 파악하기 위해 북한의 산림 변화 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 Landsat 5 TM 위성영상과 Landsat 8 OLI TIRS의 2시기 위성영상을 획득하고, 영상 분류를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 남포특별시 지역과 평양직할시 지역에서 산림이 황무지로 변한 것을 알 수 있었으며, 반면에 양강도 북부지역에서는 황무지가 산림지역으로 변한 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한, 전체 지역에 대한 면적은 2006년에 비해 2017년에 산림의 변화는 매우 적었으나 수계($4,416.22km^2$)와 주택지가($2,017.03km^2$) 감소하고, 감소된 면적과 유사한 값으로 농경지가 $6,625.74km^2$ 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.35-49
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• 2014

본 연구는 제천시에 위치한 솔방죽 습지생태공원의 조성 전과 후의 동물상을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 생태공원 조성에 따른 동물상의 변화는 야생성이 강한 종들이 감소하고, 일반종의 비율이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 포유류, 양서 파충류와 같이 이동에 제약이 있는 종들은 생태공원 조성으로 늘어난 탐방객들에 의해서 점차 감소하고 있다. 그리고 어류는 공원 조성과정에서 저수지 물을 방류하고 작업하여 집단 폐사하는 사례가 있어 이에 대한 보완 작업이 필요하다. 곤충은 공원 조성 후에 조성된 화단의 꽃에서 꿀을 먹는 곤충과 습지 식물의 생육을 위하여 안정된 수계를 유지하고 있어, 이곳에서 서식하는 수서 곤충은 늘어난 것으로 나타났다. 이번 조사 결과, 주거지역과 인접한 농업용 저수지는 크기가 작은 경우가 많아 생태공원 조성시 이곳에서 생활하는 야생동물들에 대한 서식 공간 확보가 필요한 것으로 보인다. 또한 야생동물 서식처를 위하여 방문객들의 탐방로와 시설물 위치를 조정하여 저수지 일부 지역이 자연 상태로 유지할 수 있도록 하는 것이 고려되어야 한다.