• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.82-100
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• 2024

Due to the intensifying global technological competition, the strategic and economic importance of intellectual property such as patents as intangible assets is increasing. The purpose of this study is to understand the current status of patent innovation in the service industry and to derive the characteristics and implications of patent innovation in the service industry. To this end, this study conducted an investigation and analysis to understand the characteristics of patent innovation in the service industry based on the data from the business activity survey. The proportion of patent companies in the service industry, characteristics of each service industry, proportion of each service industry, and the number of patent rights holdings were analyzed. In addition, the trend of patent changes in the service industry was investigated. The service industry was compared and analyzed with other industries based on the results of the analysis of patent innovation in the service industry. In particular, the service industry was divided into four types in terms of the rate of increase in the proportion of patent companies and the ratio of patent holing companies, and the types were derived. Based on the analysis results, the characteristics of patent innovation in the service industry were presented. As a result of the study, the proportion of patent holding companies in the service industry was lower than that of other industries, and the gap with other industries was widening, showing that the patent innovation of service companies is lower than that of other industries. The average number of patents held by service industry companies was lower than that of other industries, and the increase rate of the number of patent rights held was also lower than that of other industries, widening the gap. Patent innovation in the service industry can be divided into four quadrants in terms of the rate of increase in the proportion of patent holding companies and the proportion of patent holding companies, and it has been studied that the service industry needs policy support suitable for the characteristics of patent innovation in the quadrant to which the individual service industry belongs.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 2010

Korea experienced a financial crisis in 1997. Since then Korea economy has undergone severe change such as exchange rate regime from the market average exchange rate system to the free floating exchange rate system in 1997, and the currency rate fluctuation has been widening. We empirically analyze the determination of the Won/Dollar exchange rate based on the monetary approach. We employ Lucas (1982), Bilson (1978) and Frankel (1979) models and consider some mixed models. We make use of monthly data of money supply, income, interest rate, capital balance, terms of trade, and the yen/dollar exchange rate over the period 1990-2009. We compare the empirical results of cointegration tests and the vector error correction model(VECM) from the two regimes, the pre and post korean financial crisis. The won/dollar exchange rate has long-run relationship with the variables in the monetarist models in the two regimes. For the post crisis regime, the Bilson model is the best and the long run variables also affect the short run dynamics of the won/dollar exchange rate.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.691-698
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• 2010

In this study Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films have been fabricated on Eagle 2000 glass substrates at various substrate temperature ($100{\sim}500^{\circ}C$) and working pressure (10 ~ 40 mTorr) by RF magnetron sputtering in order to investigate the structural, electrical, and optical properties of the AZO thin films. The obtained films were polycrystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and preferentially oriented in the (002) crystallographic direction. The AZO thin films, which were deposited at $T=300^{\circ}C$ for 10 mTorr, shows the highest (002) orientation, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the (002) diffraction peak is $0.42^{\circ}$. The lowest resistivity ($2.64{\times}10^{-3}\;{\Omega}cm$) with the highest cartier concentration ($5.29{\times}10^{20}\;cm^{-3}$) and a Hall mobility of ($6.23\;cm^2/Vs$) are obtained in the AZO thin films deposited at $T=300^{\circ}C$ for 10 mTorr. The optical transmittance in the visible region is approximately 80%, regardless of process conditions. The optical band-gap depends on the Al doping level as the substrate temperature increases and the working pressure decrease. The optical band-gap widening is proportional to cartier concentration due to the Burstein-Moss effect.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2011

The recycled asphalt concrete has gotten increasing attention due to the environmental issues. The volume of reclaimed asphalt has increased significantly for last few years because of city remodeling, pavement maintenance, utility excavation, and road widening. Considering the value of reclaimed asphalt, it is rather used for the recycled asphalt concrete than it is used for fill and cover up material instead of soil. This research will be a supplements incomplete issues from existing research results and suggests the quality control guideline for recycled asphalt concrete and upcoming laws. As the first step of research, the trial construction of RAP(Recycled Asphalt Pavement) performed in expressway construction sites. These trial construction sites have been checked every years. And another construction sites studied and selected for more deeper performance check of RAP. For this checks, we used automatic pavement survey equipment and computerized analysis tools. Also, DSR(Dynamic Shear Rheometer) was used for the fatigue life calculation of binder blends(RAP and virgin binder). As a consequence of this research, the application of recycled asphalt provides good enough quality for highway construction. The preceeding literatures reviewed shows that the asphalt rejuvenator are used in many countries but that type of chemical agent are not used in Korea. By using the data of trial construction and mix design in Chongwon-Sangju construction lane, the surface and base courses consisted with the 10% and 30% rap mix asphalt section maintains good performance for up to 7 years. Through the performance check and laboratory tests(DSR), the quality control and mixture's low temperature prevention are the important factor and chemical agent necessary for increasing the fatigue life of RAP binder.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.81-89
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• 2012

The existing tunnel in urban area can be enlarged because of requirement of road-widening by traffic growth. The protector with rectangular cross section can be set up in the tunnel, which will be constructed for enlargement of width, to solve traffic jam around the tunnel. It is impossible to install the rockbolt in the lower area of tunnel due to a limited space between the protector and cutting surface. The objective of this study is to suggest the method of shotcrete thickness increase instead of rockbolt installation in the side wall of tunnel for the stability of tunnel. Numerical analysis was performed to evaluate displacement at the crown of tunnel, convergence of tunnel, and stress in shotcrete lining in 3-lane and 4-lane NATM tunnels enlarged from 2-lane conventional tunnel. There were three types of analysis condition, rockbolt installation, no rockbolt installation, and increase of shotcrete thickness without rockbolt in the side wall of tunnel. There was no difference on the displacement at the crown and the convergence of upper tunnel. In the lower tunnel, the convergence in case of no rockbolt installation was larger as maximum 1.3mm than that in case of rockbolt installation. The stress in shotcrete lining in case of no rockbolt installation was larger as maximum 1.3MPa than that in case of rockbolt installation. Numerical analysis was performed to compare the behavior of shotcrete with rockbolt with that of shotcrete, which its thickness was increased, without rockbolt. The shotcrete has an increase of 20%(250mm ${\rightarrow}$ 300mm, 4-lane tunnel)~25%(200mm ${\rightarrow}$ 250mm, 3-lane tunnel) in its thickness to reduce the stress in shotcrete lining. The behavior of shotcrete lining increased the shotcrete thickness by 20%~25% was similar to that of existing shotcrete lining with rockbolt.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.300-330
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• 2018

Enterprises' participation in the collaboration research is one of the effective and typical methods through which technologies go into the market or are transferred to other sectors. This study reviews enterprises' participated collaboration research and analyzes their network for disaster and safety management area. From 2005 to 2016, 786 technical papers from four representative journals for disaster and safety management in Korea are compiled based on the authors whose affiliations are from enterprises. During the research period, collaboration research is found to be in an increasing trend in general. However, the number of technical papers with three or less authors is in a decreasing trend, whereas that with four or more authors is in an increasing trend. This fact implies that the range of enterprises' collaboration research is widening. Technical paper productivity and each entity's collaboration network are evaluated using participation-weight based author score. Over the research period, a few universities, which attract most of the enterprises, are found to have higher productivities and centralities. Public enterprises show higher participation weights. Also, sectors such as construction, engineering, and electronics demonstrate higher weights. This study is particularly meaningful because enterprises' participation status in collaboration research for disaster and safety management area is systematically analyzed for the first time in Korea. The network analysis result from this study will be especially helpful in establishing technology transfer strategy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.429-429
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• 2016

Organolead halide perovskite have attracted much attention over the past three years as the third generation photovoltaic due to simple fabrication process via solution process and their great photovoltaic properties. Many structures such as mesoporous scaffold, planar heterojunction or 1-D TiO2 or ZnO nanorod array structures have been studied to enhance performances. And the photovoltaic performances and carrier transport properties were studied depending on the cell structures and shape of perovskite film. For example, the perovskite cell based on TiO2/ZnO nanorod electron transport materials showed higher electron mobility than the mesoporous structured semiconductor layer due to 1-D direct pathway for electron transport. However, the reason for enhanced performance was not fully understood whether either the shape of perovskite or the structure of TiO2/ZnO nanorod scaffold play a dominant role. In this regard, for a clear understanding of the shape/structure of perovskite layer, we applied anodized aluminum oxide material which is good candidate as the inactive scaffold that does not influence the charge transport. We fabricated vertical one dimensional (1-D) nanostructured methylammonium lead mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) solar cell by infiltrating perovskite in the pore of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO). AAO template, one of the common nanostructured materials with one dimensional pore and controllable pore diameters, was successfully fabricated by anodizing and widening of the thermally evaporated Al film on the compact TiO2 layer. Using AAO as a scaffold for perovskite, we obtained 1-D shaped perovskite absorber, and over 15% photo conversion efficiency was obtained. I-V measurement, photoluminescence, impedance, and time-limited current collection were performed to determine vertically arrayed 1-D perovskite solar cells shaped in comparison with planar heterojunction and mesoporous alumina structured solar cells. Our findings lead to reveal the influence of the shape of perovskite layer on photoelectrical properties.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 1999

The facial esthetics are much affected by nasal changes due to especially its central position in relation to facial outline and so appropriately evaluated should be the functional and esthetic aspects of the nose associated with the facial appearance. Generally, a maxillary surgical movement is known to induce the changes of nasolabial morphology secondary to the skeletal repositioning accompanied by muscular retraction. These changes can be desirable or undesirable to individuals according to the direction and amount of maxillary repositioning. We investigated the surgical changes of bony maxilla and its effects to nasal morphology through the analysis of the lateral cephalogram in the Le Fort I osteotomy. Subjects were 10 patients(male 2, female 8, mean age 22.3 years) and cephalograms were obtained 2 weeks before surgery(T1) and 6 months after surgery(T2). The surgical maxillary movement was identified through the horizontal and vertical repositioning of point A. Soft-tissue analysis of the nasal profile was performed employing two angles: nasal tip projection(NTP), columellar angle(CA). Also, alar base width(ABW) was assessed directly on the patients with a slide gauge. The results were as follows; 1. Both anterior and superior movement above 2mm of maxilla rotated up nasal tip above 1mm. Either anterior or superior movement above 2mm of maxilla made prediction of the amount & direction of NTP changes difficult. Especially, a correlation between horizontal movement of maxilla and NTP rotated-up was P<0.01. 2. Both much highly anterior and superior movement of maxilla is accompanied by more CA increase than either highly. Especially, the correlation between horizontal movement of maxilla and CA change was P<0.05. 3. Anterior and/or superior movement of maxilla was accompanied by the unpredictable ABW widening. 4. The amount of changes of NTP, CA, and ABW is not in direct proportion to amout of anterior and/or superior movement of maxilla. 5. Nasal morphologic changes following Le Fort I osteotomy are affacted by not merely bony repositioning but other multiple factors.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.385-401
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• 2014

This research analyses spatial and temporal characteristics of the academic performances of high school students by using all 2,065,166 SAT scores for 3 years. The spatial inequalities in Seoul are analysed by DBMS and GIS. Based on three-year raw data of Korean SAT scores, the spatial and temporal characteristics of academic performances are scrutinized: 868,029 SAT scores cases of 2000 academic year on Novemver 17, 1999, 609,258 cases in 2005 academic year on November 17, 2004 and 587,890 cases in 2009 on November 13. The result shows that there are significant spatial disparities of the level of academic performance in Seoul by Gu level, also indicating that the disparities are getting wider over the course of time. The widening disparities by Gu level means that educational spatial inequality is intensified in spite of the increasing overall trend of academic performance of Seoul. It is also notable that disparities between regions are distinctive, while those in regions are not significant and sustained constant as time flows.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.6D
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• pp.549-556
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• 2012

Longitudinal tunnels are defined as tunnels with length of over 1km. Because of Korea's topographical conditions and as safety measures for linear design, many tunnels are inevitably being constructed in Korea. The number of longitudinal tunnels constructed on expressways amounted to 104 as of the end of 2010 with a total length of 192km. Given the increasing demand for tunnels and the increasing length of tunnels, a safety evaluation of longitudinal tunnels needs to be conducted. As such, this study selected design elements, transportation environment and delineation system as elements to check and tried to determine factors influencing road crashes. For this, tunnels have been classified based on history of crashes; ones with crashes and ones without crashes and statistically meaningful explanatory variables were selected. By using these variables, a logit model was development in order to better grasp the factors that directly and strongly influence crashes. The result, related to crashes as well as the analysis were utility tunnel interior materials of driving lane and passing lane, which are related to driver's visibility, lateral width widening to consolidate space in a tunnel, and annual average daily traffic (AADT) per lane. These results may be used in the future as analysis indicators when drawing up plans to prevent crashes in longitudinal tunnels.