• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.358-365
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• 2018

Whole grain cereal (WGC)-rich diets provide macronutrients that are important for the regulation of energy metabolism. The current study evaluated whether WGCs had a preventive effect on sarcopenic obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. C57BL/6N mice were fed a normal diet (ND), ND+WGC, HFD, and HFD+WGC for 12 weeks. WGCs significantly reduced body weight gain, food efficiency ratio, fat mass, and adipocyte size in HFD-induced obese mice. WGCs attenuated HFD-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by decreasing liver weight and hepatic fat accumulation. In addition, WGCs increased muscle strength and muscle mass in HFD-induced obese mice as well as in ND mice. Taken together, WGCs can be employed as functional food materials for the prevention of sarcopenic obesity by inhibiting fat accumulation and increasing muscle mass.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops. Methods: A prototype small combine was designed and constructed. Its specifications and basic performance were investigated. Results: The prototype small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops was designed and constructed to reflect similar specifications as those of the conventional combine. The prototype small combine comprises a diesel engine with the rated power/speed of 22.0 kW/2,600 rpm, three-stage primary and two-stage speed range transmission shifts, and a double acting threshing part. The maximum travel speeds of the prototype combine are approximately 0.72 m/s, 2.50 m/s, 0.30 m/s at the low, high speed range shifts in the forward direction, and while traversing in the reverse direction, respectively. The minimum radius of turning was approximately 1.50 m. In a static lateral overturning test, the prototype combine overturned neither to the right nor to left on a $30^{\circ}$ slope. The results of an oilseed rape harvesting test included the maximum operating speed of 0.32 m/s, the grain loss ratio of approximately 9.0%, and the effective field capacity of approximately 10.3 a/h. Additionally, among the outputs in grain outlet, the whole grains, damage grains, and materials other than grain (MOG) ratios accounted for 97.4%, 0.0%, and 2.6%, respectively. Conclusions: The prototype small combine for harvesting miscellaneous cereal crops indicates good driving ability and stability. The results of the oilseed rape harvesting test reveal that the harvesting performance must be enhanced such that the separating and cleaning parts are more suitable for each type of crop, thus reducing grain loss and foreign substances among the outputs in grain outlet. An improved small prototype combine could be used effectively to mechanize the harvesting of miscellaneous cereal crops in small family farms or semi-mountainous areas.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2002

Cereal grains are rich in phenolic compounds that give beneficial effect in human health. Although several research works have been reported on the effects of phytochemicals of plant origin, such as fruits, vegetables, few studies have examined the antioxidative effects of whole cereal grains. The objective of this study was to determine total antioxidant capacity of 80% ethanolic extracts of cereal grains by testing the ability of the extracts to inhibit UV -induced lipid peroxidation in vitro using linoleic acid in comparison to well-known antioxidant such as ascorbic acid and tannic acid. The total phenolic content of the cereal grain (80% ethanolic extracts) investigated in this study varied from 2.1 mg/g (wheat cv. Olgeurumil) to 10.4 mg/g (barely cv. Seodunchalbori). Highly positive relationship between total phenol compounds and antioxidant activity was found. When the antioxidant activities of all investigated extracts were measured with application of same quantity of phenol compounds, oat grain extracts showed similar antioxidant activity of barely cultivars. However, barely extract appeared as the most potent antioxidant activity of inhibition of UV -induced lipid peroxidation. This indicated that factors such as phenolic compound composition and their individual antioxidant activity could playa crucial role in the total antioxidant activity of cereal grains.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.353-363
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• 2011

The objective of the current study was to examine associations of whole grain consumption with socio-demographic (i.e.: sex, age, household income, education, marriage status) and certain eating behavior factors (i.e.: dish source, eating place, meal type) among a generally healthy Korean population. Using twenty-four hour recall data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, whole grain intake (g/day) was calculated for a total of 8,836 generally healthy Koreans aged 6 years and higher. The study subjects had very low whole grain intake. Specifically approximately 60% of the subjects reported no whole grain consumption on the survey day, and mean daily intake ranged from 8.0 g to 15.1 g in different gender and age groups. Living with a spouse was found to be a positive environment factor for whole grain consumption, especially among men. As household income levels increased, whole grain consumption status also improved. The proportion of non-consumer was lowest in a 6-19 year group, and mean intake amount was highest in middle-aged adults. Major dish sources for whole grain consumption included boiled rice with mixed grains, corn, boiled rice with brown rice, cereal products, and other types of boiled rice. It was found that whole grain consumption was highly affected by eating places rather than meal types. The best contributing eating place was home in each age and gender group. The study findings may be useful in planning nutrition education strategy and formulating dietary behavior guidelines for whole grain consumption improvement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.37-42
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• 2004

The relatively new concept of functional foods is supportive of sales of food products that deliver isolated 'nutrient' or 'food compound' substances, much as is done by dietary supplements. Whether such isolated substances have benefit must be investigated in each instance; such investigations can be complex. At the same time, simply prepared natural plant foods contain a myriad of substances that, in accord with the concept of food synergy, are beneficial for health. Whole grain foods are an example of such healthy fare, based on strong epidemiologic and experimental evidence. If the concept of functional foods is to be of use for the public health, it should support the consumption of healthy traditional foods as well as promoting 'novel' foods; in this sense, whole grain foods, which have great functionality, should be regarded as functional foods.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the different cutting dates on the changes of feed quality among five cereals (barley, wheat, rye, triticale and oat) for whole crop silage. Field trials were conducted at paddy field in Yesan, Chungnam Province and the aerial parts were clipped 10 days from 15 March to 15 June. Changes of acid detergent fiber (ADF) content in relation to different cutting dates was described by a quadratic curve for 5 winter cereals crops. ADF content reached a maximum at 5 days after heading in barley cultivar 'Youngyang', 7 days in wheat 'Keumkang', 18 days in rye 'Gogu', 1 days in triticale 'Shinyoung' and 10 days in oat 'Samhan'. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were linearly increased as growing after overwintering and stagnated or slightly decreased after heading. The crude protein were linearly decreased throughout the growth period of 5 whole crop cereals. Digestible dry matter (DDM) content were decreased from early stages to heading and subsequently increased as grain filling. Relative feed value (RFV) for 5 crops were decreased as growing and subsequently increased as grain filling after heading. Barley cultivar for only forage use 'Youngyang' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of other cereals for forage use. So, barley for whole crop silage was a good crop with high feed quality and high proportion of spikes compared with other winter cereal crops. Wheat cultivar for grain 'Keumkang' were higher at crude protein than those of other four cereals from overwintering to maturing and were higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of rye, triticale and oat. Rye cultivar with cold tolerant and high fresh yielding 'Gogu' were highest at ADF and NDF content and lowest at DDM content and RFV. So, rye was a crop with low quality for forage use compared to other winter cereal crops. Triticale cultivar with flourishing and high yielding 'Shinyoung' was intermediated between barley and rye, and were linearly increased at DDM yield by different cutting dates. Oat cultivar with cold tolerant and high tillering 'Samhan' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at crude protein before heading, but after heading, there are not especially advantages compared to barley, wheat or triticale.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2014

Fusarium head blight (FHB; scab) caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grain with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) which are a major health concern for humans and animals. The objective of this research was to develop an easy seed or seedling inoculation assay, and to compare these assays with whole plant resistance of twenty-nine Korean winter wheat cultivars to FHB. The clip-dipping assay consists of cutting off the coleoptiles apex, dipping the coleoptiles apex in conidial suspension, covering in plastic bag for 3 days, and measuring the lengths of lesions 7 days after inoculation. There were significant cultivar differences after inoculation with F. graminearum in seedling relative to the controls. Correlation coefficients between the lesion lengths of clip-dipping inoculation and FHB Type II resistance from adult plants were significant (r=0.45; P<0.05). Results from two other seedling inoculation methods, spraying and pin-point inoculation, were not correlated with adult FHB resistance. Single linear correlation was not significant between seed germination assays (soaking and soak-dry) and FHB resistance (Type I and Type II), respectively. These results showed that clip-dipping inoculation method using F. graminearum may offer a real possibility of simple, rapid, and reliable for the early screening of FHB resistance in wheat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.396-403
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• 1995

Eightly nine common Korean foods were analyzed by the enzymatic-gravimetric method developed by Prosky et al. and adopted by AOAC to determine total dietary fiber(TDF) content. The average TDF content of the foods analyzed was 4.78${\pm}$3.55% for cereal and grain products, 2.56${\pm}$1.65% for potatoes and starches, 1.94${\pm}$0.77% for sugar and sweets, 10.81${\pm}$6.57% for pulse and pulse products, 9.70${\pm}$5.92% for nuts and seeds, 15..38${\pm}$15.76% for seasonings, and 4.98${\pm}$4.35% for beverages. The foods containing the highest TDF values in the food groups were whole grain barley(17.88%) in cereals, yellow soybean(21.05%) in pulses, black sesame(21.34%) in nuts and seeds, and red pepper powder(39.37%) in seasonings except San Cho powder(52.43%). TDF content of rice, the main staple food of Korea, was 2.75% for brown rice and 0.96% for well-milled rice. The TDF value of the foods analyzed ranged from 0.12 to 23.4 times that fo crude fiber reported in the Korean food composition tables. When we consider dietary fiber contents of foods and food consumption patterns together, it is recommended to consume brown rice instead of well-milled rice and increase the consumption of minor cereals and pulses to raise dietary fiber intake.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2005

Extrusion with enzyme treatment improved processing characteristics and physiological activity of whole grains, strongly suggesting industrial potential of whole grains for production of cereal-based functional foods containing activated nutraceuticals. Physicochemical properties of whole grains prepared by extrusion were characterized in terms of vitamin, mineral, and resistant starch contents, gelatinization, and digestibility in comparison with those of raw and roasted grains. Extrusion increased grain gelatinization, with degree of gelatinization in extruded barley being seven times higher than that of raw barley. Extrusion improved digestibility of whole grains in comparison with those of raw and roasted grains. Dispersibility of starch was improved through extrusion, while content of resistant starch decreased. Release of ${\beta}-sitosterol$ present in whole grains increased 13-fold when both extrusion and enzyme treatment were used.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2012

Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) cause severe diseases in winter barley in Europe and East Asia. We investigated the effect of different level of resistance to virus disease on the plant growth and yield in whole-crop barley. In the virus infection, BaYMV was detected all tested cultivars in first diagnosis at 30th March. BaYMV infection was identified only in the susceptible Sunwoobori in 6th April, but not in the Yuyeon (moderate, M) and Youngyang (moderate resistant, MR) cultivars. Plant height was restrained about 14.6~32.9% in overwintered plant regeneration stage depending on the resistance of each cultivar. The tiller numbers also reduced to 8.7~19.7% by BaYMV infection in overwintering season. We evaluated culm length, spike length, and spike number in the virus-infected field and non-infected field. For the culm length, Youngyang (MR) reduced only 14.5% by BaYMV. However Sunwoo (susceptible, S) and Yuyeon (M) cultivars were decreased to 24.8~42.7%. The spike length and spike number also affected to 8.9~21.3% and 24.3~31.0%, respectively, depending on the resistance. After harvesting, dry-matter yield of whole crop yield reduced by approximately 21.6~58.0% according to cultivar resistant degrees. For example, Sunwoobori (S) decreased 58.0% in comparing to non-infected field. The grain yield was also significantly reduced in virus infected cultivars. Sunwoobori (S) was severely decrease more than 60.0%. Yuyeonbori (M) and Youngyangbori (MR) also decreased 30.0~47.5% by the viral infection comparing to those in the non-infected field.