• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1759-1767
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• 2012

This study was performed to determine the effects of dietary fat sources, i.e., beef tallow, soybean oil, olive oil and coconut oil (each 3% in feed), on the growth performance, meat quality and gene expression in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 72 crossbred pigs (Landrace${\times}$Large White${\times}$Duroc) were used at $71{\pm}1$ kg body weight (about 130 d of age) in 24 pens ($320{\times}150$ cm) in a confined pig house (three pigs per pen) with six replicate pens per treatment. The growing diet was given for periods of $14{\pm}3$ d and the finishing diet was given for periods of $28{\pm}3$ d. The fat type had no significant effect either on growth performance or on chemical composition or on meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. Dietary fat type affected fatty acid composition, with higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the olive oil group. Microarray analysis in the Longissimus dorsi identified 6 genes, related to insulin signaling pathway, that were differentially expressed among the different feed groups. Real time-PCR was conducted on the six genes in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM). In particular, the genes encoding the protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type II, alpha (PRKAR2A) and the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1, beta isoform (PPP1CB) showed the highest expression level in the olive oil group (respectively, p<0.05, p<0.001). The results of this study indicate that the type of dietary fat affects fatty acid composition and insulin signaling-related gene expression in the LM of pigs.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 1996

A 15-week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the economical feed formulations for Korean rockfish (Sebastes sehlegeli). Three replicate groups of fish averaging 33 g were fed one of 8 isoproteic ($49\%$) and isolipidic ($8\%$) diets containing various practical ingredients such as fish meal, meat meal, feather meal, blood meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and wheat flour with or without supplemental essential amino acids. A control diet with white fish meal and brown fish meal as the only protein sources was included. Practical ingredients were substituted from $40\%$ up to $65\%$ for portions of the fish meals in the control diet. Essential amino acids (EAA) were added to the diets for balancing EAA composition of each dietary protein source. In addition, these experimental diets were compared with raw fish-based moist pellet containing $50\%$ frozen horse mackerel and $50\%$ commercial binder meal. Results indicated that animal and plant protein sources could substitute for fish meal up to $55\%$ in diet without any adverse effects on growth and chemical composition of fish. Fish growth, body composition, nutrient utilization, and cost of fish production are discussed in relation to nutritional values of the dietary protein sources.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 1996

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dry pellet on growth of juvenile Korean rockfish (sebastes schlegeli) by comparing with moist pellet and raw fish-based moist pellet. In the first experiment, three replicate groups of 40 fish averaging 4.7 g were fed one of the following three experimental diets for 11 weeks : d교 pellet (DP) and moist pellet (MP) diets containing $56\%$ white fish meal (WFM) + $3\%$ soybean meal (SM) + $5\%$ corn gluten meal (CGM) as protein sources, or raw fish-based moist pellet (RMP, $50\%$ frozen horse mackerel+$50\%$ commercial fish feed). No significant differences were found among fish fed different pellet types of diets in daily weight gain and whole body composition (P>0.05). In the second experiment, two replicate groups of 140 fish averaging 10.9 g were fed one of the following three experimental diets for 8 weeks : DP and MP diets containing $38\%$ WFM+$15\%$ SM+$10\%$ CGM as protein sources, or RMP. Daily weight gain and feed efficiency from fish fed RMP were significantly (P>0.05) higher than those from fish fed DP diet. These different growth responses between two experiments may be due to dietary protein sources and nutrient content. findings showed that DP can be used as a practical diet for juvenile Korean rockfish.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.96-103
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• 1970

No foods are available commercially for weanling infants except a limited amount of expensive milk products in Korea. Although the majority of infants are breast-fed, when it is not possible, rice products must usually be substituted which is not sufficient in protein. Therefore, it is urgent to develop low-cost quality protein food mixtures. In order to accomplish this purpose three food mixtures (F-S-2, F-F-3 and F-P-4), consisting of rice (37∼46%), soybean (24∼40%), FPC (3∼7%), vitamins, minerals and other food additives, are developed. The food mixtures are white to light yellow in color; dispersed readily in water with water absorption index 320; viable bacterial population, less than $10^4$ per gram; sedimentation value, 63; Bostwick consistency value, 15cm/30%; and ring test value, 23cm/30%. The products contain 22∼25% protein and ensure reasonably balanced essential amino acids for the requirement of infants compared with FAO provisional pattern, Rao's maximum growth requirements and Holt's amino acid requirements in early life. Although threonine is limiting, protein score of F-P-4 formula is 93 based on the modified FAO provisional pattern (1965). Furthermore, a 100g of the products supplies required amounts of vitamins and minerals by the recommended daily dietary allowances for infants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.843-847
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• 2004

In order to understand the effects of different oils on the production performances and polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol level in the yolk. 160 Hexices hens at 42 wks were divided into four groups randomly. Each group fed with control diet (CG), control diet+5% fish oil (FG), control diet+5% palm oil (PG) and control diet+5% soybean oil (SG), respectively. After three weeks' experiment, the results showed that: different oils showed no significant effect on feed/egg weight, egg white weight, body weight, C16, C18:3 n-6 and C20:4 n-6 contents in the yolk (p>0.05). But the egg mass of PG was higher than SG (p<0.05), the average egg weight of CG was lower than FG (p<0.05), and the of PG was lower than FG (p<0.05), during the experiment, FG gained more than SG (p<0.05), the cholesterol level in yolk of FG was lower than PG and CG (p<0.01), meanwhile the C20:5 n-3 content of FG was higher than CG and SG (p<0.01), and no C20:5 n-3 was detected in PF, as far as C22:6 n-3 in the yolk was concerned, FG was higher than PG (p<0.01), the C18:1 n-9 content of SG was lower than PG (p<0.05), the C18:2 n-6 content of SG was the highest than other three groups (p<0.01), and CG was the lowest, showed significant to FG (p<0.05), the C18:3 n-3 content of FG was higher than SG and PG (p<0.05), and the C20:1 n-9 content of FG was higher than other groups (p<0.01). The results demonstrated that fish oil could decrease the cholesterol and increase the n-3 fatty acids content in the yolk, and increase the n-3/n-6 level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.250-256
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of graded levels of isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) on the performance, immune function and intestinal microflora and intestinal mucosal morphology of weaned pigs. In a 28-day experiment, one hundred eighty, twenty eight-day-old, crossbred (Duroc${\times}$Large White${\times}$Landrace), weaned pigs, with an initial body weight of $8.19{\pm}1.45kg$, were fed either an unsupplemented corn-soybean meal based diet or similar diets supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% IMO added at the expense of corn. Each treatment was replicated six times with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. From day 0 to 14, weight gain was linearly increased (p<0.05), while gain:feed (p<0.05) was linearly improved and diarrhea rate (p = 0.05) linearly declined as the IMO level increased. On d 14, the level of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, and IgG in the serum of pigs were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing IMO supplementation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) decreased as IMO intake increased. From day 15 to 28, there was a trend for weight gain to be linearly increased, and IL-2 was linearly (p<0.05) increased as IMO supplementation increased on d 28. Over the entire experiment, weight gain was linearly increased (p<0.05), while gain:feed (p<0.05) was linearly improved and diarrhea rate (p<0.05) was linearly decreased as the IMO level increased. Supplementation with IMO had no effect on the intestinal microflora of pigs in the ileum and cecum of pigs, as well as the villus height and crypt depth in the ileum and jejunum (p>0.05). These results indicate that dietary inclusion of IMO increases weight gain, gain:feed and enhanced the immune status of pigs, and could be a valuable feed additive for use in weaned pigs, particularly during the period immediately after weaning.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1456-1463
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• 2011

A total of 629 Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White crossbred pigs were utilized in three experiments (Exp. 1, 222 pigs weighing $25.6{\pm}2.0\;kg$ BW; Exp. 2, 216 pigs weighing 5$6.2{\pm}4.3\;kg$ BW; Exp. 3, 191 pigs weighing $86.4{\pm}4.6\;kg$ BW) conducted to determine the effects of fermented potato pulp on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and plasma parameters in growingfinishing pigs. Each experiment lasted 28 d. The pigs were assigned to one of two corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0 or 5% fermented potato pulp. The inclusion of fermented potato pulp increased weight gain (p<0.05) in experiments 1 and 2 and increased feed intake (p<0.05) in experiment 2. Feed conversion was improved (p<0.05) in experiment 2 and showed a tendency to improve (p<0.10) in experiments 1 and 3 when pigs were fed fermented potato pulp. Fermented potato pulp increased (p<0.05) dry matter digestibility in experiments 1 and 3 and energy digestibility in experiment 2. Feeding fermented potato pulp decreased plasma urea nitrogen (p<0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (p<0.05) in experiments 1 and 2, while plasma aspartate aminotransferase was decreased (p<0.05) in experiment 3. Dietary fermented potato pulp did not affect the carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Feeding fermented potato pulp reduced (p<0.05) fecal ammonia concentration in all three experiments. In conclusion, feeding growing-finishing pigs diets containing 5% fermented potato pulp improved weight gain and feed conversion without any detrimental effects on carcass traits. The improvements in pig performance appeared to be mediated by improvements in nutrient digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.538-545
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• 2017

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of cupric citrate (CuCit) on growth performance, antioxidant indices, serum lipid metabolites, serum immune indices, and tissue residues of copper (Cu), zinc, and iron in weaned pigs. Methods: A total of 180 weaned pigs ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Large$ White) with an average body weight of $8.98{\pm}1.21kg$ were randomly assigned to a corn-soybean meal control ration, or 4 similar rations with 30, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg Cu as CuCit. All diets contained 10 mg/kg Cu as cupric sulfate from the vitamin-mineral premix. The experiment was divided into two phases: 0 to 14 d (phase 1) and 15 to 28 d (phase 2). Results: Average daily gain (ADG; linearly, p<0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; linearly and quadratically, p<0.05) were affected by an increase in CuCit during phase 2. Overall period, ADG (p<0.05) and ADFI (p<0.01) were linearly increased with increasing dietary levels of CuCit. Serum malondialdehyde concentrations (p<0.05) and glutathione peroxidase activity (p<0.01) linearly decreased and increased respectively with an increase in CuCit. Serum levels of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase were linearly affected with an increase in CuCit (p<0.01). Hepatic malondialdehyde levels decreased with an increase in CuCit (linearly and quadratically, p<0.01). Serum total cholesterol concentrations were quadratically affected (p<0.05) and decreased in pigs fed Cu as CuCit at 60 and 120 mg/kg and increased in pigs fed 240 mg/kg Cu as CuCit. Serum high-density lipoprotein concentrations were linearly affected with an increase in CuCit (p<0.01). Serum $IL-1{\beta}$ levels were quadratically affected (p<0.05) by dietary treatment. Compared with other treatments, 240 mg/kg Cu from CuCit quadratically increased hepatic (p<0.01) and renal (p<0.05) Cu concentrations, and quadratically decreased hepatic and renal iron concentrations (p<0.05). Conclusion: Cu administered in the form of CuCit at a dosage range of 30 to 60 mg/kg, effectively enhanced the growth performance and antioxidant status of weaned pigs.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1998

An 18-week growth trial was conducted in flow-through aquarium system to evaluate the practical dietary protein sources for juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). Three replicate groups of the abalone averaging 0.11g were fed one of ten diets containing casein, white fish meal (WFM), meat meal (MM), feather meal (FM), blood meal (BM), soybean meal (SM), corn gluten meal (CGM), cotton seed meal (CSM), Undaria powder (UP), or wheat flour (WF) as a dietary protein source. In addition, these dietary protein sources were cmpared with algae such as raw Undaria or dried Laminaria. Weight gain of abalone fed the diets containing casein, WFM, SM, CSM, or UP was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of abalone fed other diets, and this value of abalone fed FM, BM, CGM, or algae was lower than other groups. Shell length, shell width, body wt./shell length ratio, and body wt./shell width ratio of abalone fed casein, WFM, SM, CSM, UP, and WF were also highe (P<0.05) than those of other groups. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) in moisture and protein contents of soft body among all diets. The data obtained in this study indicate that each of the casein, WFM, SM, CSM or UP is good dietary protein source for juvenile abalone.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2003

The present study aims to evaluate protein and phosphorus availabilities of five different dietary protein sources during the 6-week feeding trial in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus as determined by growth performance and phosphorus retention. Five diets containing blood meal (BM), poultry by-product (PBP), squid liver powder (SLP), feather meal (FM) and soybean meal (SM) were prepared by mixing a basal diet (BD) with one of five test ingredients at the ratio of 7 to 3. As a reference diet, BD contains three different protein sources such as white fish meal, casein and gelatin. After 2 weeks of the conditioning period, fish initially averaging 2.7$\pm$0.02g (mean$\pm$SD) were randomly distributed into each aquarium as a group of 30 fish reared in the recirculating system. Fish of triplicate groups were fed one of six experimental diets (BD+five test diet). After 6-week feeding trial, pro- tein efficency ratio (PER) of fish fed BM diet was the lowest in experiment groups. While fish fed PBP diet showed a significant higher PER as compared to the FM diet, and fish fed SLP diet and BD were a higher PER than did fish fed PBP diet. However, there was no significant difference in PER among fish fed SLP diet, BD and SM diet, and between SM diet and PBP diet. Phosphorus retention efficiency of bone (PR $E_{b}$) of fish fed BM diet was the lowest in all the diets, and fish fed FM diet showed a higher PE $R_{b}$ than fish fed BD and SM diet. However, there was no significant difference in PER among fish fed FM diet, SLP diet and PBP diet, and among SLP diet, PBP diet, SM diet and BD. These results indicate that SLP could be a suitable protein source for low pollution diets of olive flounder in the future fish feeds market. Furthermore, PBP and SM are available protein source to reduce P waste in the oliver flounder aquaculture with the use of proper mixture of other protein sources and more processing to improve protein availibility of these.ese.