• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제22권6호통권96호
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• pp.890-897
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to develop muffins with whey protein concentrate (WPC) substituted for fat at the content of 10%, 20%, 40% or 80%. The quality characteristics were compared with those of a full-fat counterpart. With increasing WPC content, moisture, protein, and ash contents increased, fat content decreased, volume and specific volume of muffin decreased, but weight was unaffected. Crust lightness and yellowness of muffins increased, but redness decreased with increasing amount of WPC. Hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and brittleness were the highest in muffin substituted with 80% WPC. Results of sensory evaluation indicated that muffin with up to 40% of the butter substituted by WPC was considered to be as acceptable as the control muffin prepared without WPC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.433-438
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• 2005

This investigation was undertaken in order to elicit the relationship between the extent of ultrafiltration processing of whey and its effect on composition and yield of resultant whey protein concentrate (WPC). Cheddar cheese whey was fractionated through ultrafiltration to an extent of 70, 80, 90, 95, 97.5% and 97.5% volume reduction followed by I stage and II stage diafiltration. After each level of ultrafiltration, the composition of WPC was monitored. Similarly, the initial whey was adjusted to 3.0, 6.2 and 7.0 pH levels and ultrafiltration was carried out to elicit the effect of pH of ultrafiltration on the composition. Further, initial whey was adjusted to different levels of whey protein content ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 per cent and subjected to ultrafiltration to different levels. The various range of retentate obtained were further condensed and spray dried in order to assess the yield of WPC per unit volume of whey used and the quantity of whey required to produce unit weight of product. With the progress of ultrafiltration, there was a progressive increase in protein content and decrease in lactose and ash content. The regression study led to good relationships with $R^2$ values of more than 0.95 between the extents of permeate removed and the resultant changes in composition of each of the constituents. Whey processed at pH 3.0 had significantly a very low ash content and high protein content as compared to processing at 6.2 and 7.0. The yield of WPC per unit volume of whey varied significantly with the initial protein content. Higher initial protein content led to higher yield of all ranges of WPC and the quantity of whey required per unit weight of spray dried WPC significantly reduced. Regression equations establishing the relationship between initial protein content of whey and the yield of various types of WPC have been derived with very high $R^2$ values of 0.99. This study revealed that, the yield and composition of whey can be monitored strictly by controlling the processing parameters and WPC can be produced depending on the food formulation requirement.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.840-846
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• 2021

To improve the bile salt and acid tolerance of probiotics against gastrointestinal stresses, we investigated the effects of soybean lecithin and whey protein concentrate (WPC) 80 on the bile salt tolerance of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei L9 using a single-factor methodology, which was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The survival rate of L. paracasei L9 treated with 0.3% (w/v) bile salt for 2.5 h, and combined with soybean lecithin or WPC 80, was lower than 1%. After optimization, the survival rate of L. paracasei L9 incubated in 0.3% bile salt for 2.5 h reached 52.5% at a ratio of 0.74% soybean lecithin and 2.54% WPC 80. Moreover, this optimized method improved the survival rate of L. paracasei L9 in low pH condition and can be applied to other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains. Conclusively, the combination of soybean lecithin and WPC 80 significantly improved the bile salt and acid tolerance of LAB. Our study provides a novel approach for enhancing the gastrointestinal tolerance of LAB by combining food-derived components that have different properties.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.436-445
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• 2015

The effects of substituting whey protein concentrate (WPC) powder for rice flour in the preparation of seolgiddeok were determined by objective and subjective tests. Milk whey is drained from milk curd as a by-product of the cheese manufactureing process. Whey protein is known as a good nutritional source and is a functional material for many processed foods. WPC contains more than 80% whey protein. The moisture content decreased gradually during storage and the decrease in moisture was less in the control than in the WPC powder substituted groups. The color lightness (L) decreased significantly as the amount of WPC powder increased, wherease redness (a) and yellowness (b) both increased. Texture analyses revealed that the hardness, chewiness, gumminess and adhesiveness of seolgiddeok tended to increase in proportion to the amount of WPC powder in the formula. Seolgiddeok gelatinization was investigated by amylographing. Initial pasting temperature, peak viscosity, hot pasting viscosity and breakdown were low in seolgiddeok prepared with WPC powder substituted for rice flour. Setback had the lowest value in the control. Sensory evaluations revealed that, seolgiddeok prepared with 3% WPC powder had the highest overall acceptability score. These results indicated that WPC seolgiddeok with 3% WPC powder has the best quality.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to manufacture functional high protein fermented beverage, using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and Lactobacillus plantarum DK211 isolated from kimchi, and to evaluate the physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties of the resulting product. The fermented whey beverage (FWB) was formulated with whey protein concentrate 80 (WPC 80), skim milk powder, and sucrose; and fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum DK211 as single, or mixed with Lactococcus lactis R704, a commercial starter culture. The pH, titratable acidity, and viable cell counts during fermentation and storage were evaluated. It was found that the mixed culture showed faster acid development than the single culture. The resulting FWB had high protein (9%) and low fat content (0.2%). Increased viscosity, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were observed after fermentation. A viable cell count of 10⁹ CFU/mL in FWB was achieved within 10 h fermentation, and it remained throughout storage at 15℃ for 28 d. Sensory analysis was also conducted, and compared to that of a commercial protein drink. The sensory scores of FWB were similar to those of the commercial protein drink in most attributes, except sourness. The sourness was highly related with the high lactic acid content produced during fermentation. The results showed that WPC and vegetable origin lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi might be used for the development of a high protein fermented beverage, with improved functionality and organoleptic properties.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.109-125
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• 2013

Recently, functional foods and bioactive components in foods have drawn the attention and interest of food scientists, nutritionists, health professionals, and general consumers. Bioactive whey protein is a highly concentrated milk serum isolate or concentrate, which is high in protein (80~90% protein by weight), carbohydrate- and sugar-free, and nonfat or very low in fat. Bioactive whey protein enhances both healthy and deficient immune systems. In general, ultrafiltered whey protein contains various whey protein concentrate peptides, which could be used for manufacturing probiotics added to health beverages. Hence, the objective of this paper was to review the published literature on research of new functionally improved health beverages using various bioactive components extracted from milk and dairy products.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.1246-1252
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition levels of a phosphate replacer blend in ground pork sausages. The phosphate replacer consisted of 0.2% oyster shell calcium powder, 0.3% egg shell calcium powder, and 0.25% whey protein concentrate. Depending on the presence or absence of synthetic phosphate and the addition level of phosphate replacer, the following products were processed: control (+) (0.3% phosphate), control (-) (non-phosphate), 20AL (20% replacer), 40AL (40% replacer), 60AL (60% replacer), 80AL (80% replacer), and 100AL (100% replacer). The pH values of pork sausages increased (p<0.05) with increasing addition level of the phosphate replacer. When more than 40% of the phosphate replacer was added to pork samples (40AL, 60AL, 80AL, and 100AL), cooking loss was significantly reduced compared to both the control (+) and control (-). However, no significant differences were observed in the moisture content and CIE $L^*$ values between the controls and the treatments with a phosphate replacer. The control (+) and 100AL treatment had the highest (p<0.05) hardness, but the samples with the phosphate replacer were not significantly different in cohesiveness and springiness from the control (+). As addition level increased, the gumminess and chewiness of the products with the phosphate replacer increased, which were lower than those of the control (+). Therefore, more than 40% of a phosphate replacer may possibly substitute synthetic phosphate to improve product yields in ground pork sausages, although further studies may be needed for improving the textural properties of the final products.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.428-436
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 고지방식으로 유도한 식이성 비만 모델 수컷 흰쥐에게 고지방식이와 함께 유청단백질 및 유청단백질 가수분해물을 급여하였을 때, 유청단백질 가수분해물의 섭취에 따른 체중, 장기 및 체지방, 지질 농도 및 식욕 조절호르몬에 대한 영향을 살펴보았다. 즉, 실험동물 흰쥐에게 18% 우지를 첨가한 고지방식을 기본으로 하여 질소원으로 유청단백질(whey protein concentrate 80: WPC80, 매일유업(주)) 10%를 4주간 공급한 후(control period), 4군으로 나누어서 고지방식을 기본으로 유청단백질, 유청단백질 가수분해물(whey protein hydrolysate), 유청 macropeptide fraction(whey macropeptide fraction; WH중 MW${\geq}$10,000)의 3종을 함유한 실험식이를 각각 6주 동안 급여하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 체중증가량 및 식이섭취량은 유청단백질 수준이나 가수분해물 섭취에 따른 실험군간 유의적 차이가 없었다. 간의 무게는 가수분해물 섭취에 의해 감소하였으나, 신장, 고환 및 비장의 무게는 실험군간 유의적 차이가 없었다. 한편, 신장의 무게는 고단백 식이에 의해 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 지방조직의 무게는 신장 주변 지방과 부고환 주변 지방 모두 유청단백질 수준이나 가수분해물 섭취에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈청의 총 지질과 중성지방은 가수분해물 섭취에 의해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 반면, 혈청의 총 콜레스테롤과 HDL 콜레스테롤은 유청단백질 수준과 가수분해물 섭취에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 간 조직의 총 지질, 중성지방과 총 콜레스테롤은 가수분해물 섭취에 따라 차이가 없었으며, 고단백식이에 의해 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 일일 분 배설량은 고단백식이에 의해 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 분 중 총 지질함량과 중성지방 함량은 가수분해물 섭취 시 그 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 반면, 분 중 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 유청단백질 수준이나 가수분해물 섭취에 따른 영향을 받지 않았다. 혈청 중 glucose와 insulin 농도는 가수분해물 섭취 시 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 혈청 중 leptin 농도는 유청단백질 수준이나 가수분해물 섭취에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈청 중 ghrelin 농도는 고단백 식이에 의해 유의적으로 감소하였으며(p<0.05), 특히, 가수분해물 섭취 시 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 유청단백질 가수분해물의 섭취는 intact 유청단백질보다 흰쥐의 혈청과 간의 지질 농도를 저하시키고, 분 중으로의 지질배설량을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 혈중 glucose 농도와 insulin 농도를 감소시킴으로서 인슐린 저항성을 개선시켰으며, ghrelin 감소를 통한 식욕조절 효과를 보였다. 한편, 본 연구에서 유청단백질 가수분해물이 체중감소나 조직의 지방량에는 영향을 미치지 않았는데, 이것은 본 연구에서 사용된 25% 단백질 수준이 체중감소나 조직 지방량에 영향을 미치기에는 부족한 수준이라 사료되며, 단백질 수준에서의 증가 또는 보다 장기간 동안의 섭취가 수행되어진다면 식욕 촉진 호르몬 분비 감소를 통해 체중 감소에 있어서 더 유의적인 효과가 나타날 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2002

이 연구는 Whey배지에 Whey protein concentrate 80% (WPC-80)와 Whey protein isolate(WPI)를 첨가하여 B. bifidum Bb-11의 생장촉진효과를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 또 이 단백질들의 구성성분인 $\alpha$-Lactalbumin과 $\beta$-Lactogluburin을 trypsin으로 처리하여 얻어진 분해물을 분자량에 따라 분획하여 각 분획별로 그 효과를 구명하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. WPC 첨가에 의한 효과는 대조구에 비하여 생장촉진효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 첨가농도에 따른 차이는 근소하였다. WPI는 뚜렷한 생장촉진효과를 보여주지 못하였으며, 첨가량이 많을수록 생장이 억제되었다. 두 종류의 유청단백질을 4$0^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 동안 trypsin처리한 후 UF처리에 의하여 분획하고 각 분획들을 Centricon-30 으로 농축한 후, 얻어진 $\alpha$-lactalbumin 분해물 3분획에 대한 단백질농도는 각각 11.63mg, 7.79mg 및 5.21mg 이었고, $\beta$-Lactoglubulin 분해물 3분획은 각각 4.12mg, 5.30 mg 및 9.35mg 이었다. $\alpha$-Lactalbumin분해물 세 분획 모두 대조구에 비하여 높은 생장촉진효과를 나타내었으며, 그중에서 분자량 10,000~3,000Da(F-II)과 3,000Da 이하(F-III)의 두 분획이 모두 높게 나타난 것으로 보아, 분자량 10,000Da 이하의 peptide들이 bifidobacteria의 생장을 향상시키는 것으로 밝혀졌다. $\beta$-Lactoglubulin 분해물 세 분획들도 대조구에 비하여 생장이 좋게 나타났다. 분자량 10,000Da 이하의 peptide를 함유하는 두 분획은 생장이 우수하였으며 배양 24 시간후에는 분자량 3,000Da 이상의 두 분획(F-I, F-II)이 대조구에 비하여 빠르게 생장이 저하된 반면, 분자량 3,000 Da이하의 분획(F-III)에서는 계속적인 생장촉진효과를 보여주었다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2023

In this study, we explored the synergistic effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and soybean protein components after fermentation with lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, and identified several peptides with desirable physiological functions, proteolysis, and immune effects. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, followed by cross-validation of the four antioxidant activities. These assays revealed that samples with a 8:2 and 9:1 whey to soy ratio possessed higher antioxidant activity than the control samples. Antibacterial potency testing revealed high antibacterial activity in the 9:1 and 8:2 samples. Cytotoxicity testing of samples using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide revealed that only the 10:0, 1:9, and 0:10 samples had <80% viable cells, indicating no significant cytotoxicity. Nitric oxide (NO) assays revealed that NO expression was reduced in 8:2, 5:5, and 0:10 protein ratio fermentations, indicating low inflammatory reaction stimulatory potential. Cytokine expression was confirmed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The 8:2 sample had the lowest inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) levels compared with the lipopolysaccharide-treated group. Amino acid profiling of the 8:2 sample identified 17 amino acids. These results suggest that inoculating and fermenting Lactobacillus plantarum DK203 and Lactobacillus paracasei DK209 with an 8:2 mixture of WPC and soybean protein releases bioactive peptides with excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making them suitable for functional food development.