• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.234.2-234.2
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• 2003

Recently, the need for ultra-fine particles, especially nano-sized particles has increased in the fields preparing raw powders such as pharmaceutical additive and high value added products in the Nano-Technology processes. Therefore, the research in ultra-fine grinding is very important, especially, in nanometer grinding. In the previous paper, a series of wet grinding experiments using grinding aids using a stirred ball mill have been performed on grinding rate constant based on grinding kinetics. (omitted)

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.269-274
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• 2009

The main objective of this study was to establish optimum condition of wet grinding process for manufacturing microparticulated seaweed calcium. Process parameters such as concentration of forming agent, rotor speed, bead size, feed rate, and grinding time were adapted during wet-grinding of seaweed calcium. The particle size range of the raw seaweed calcium was 10-20 $\mu$m. The calcium particles were reduced to under 1 $\mu$m as nano scale after grinding. Gum arabic was suitable for forming agent and 5%(w/v) concentration was the most effective in grinding efficiency. A wet-grinding process operated at 4,000 rpm rotor speed, 0,4 mm bead size, and 0.4 L/hr feeding rate, respectively, produced less than 600 mm(>>90%)-sized particles. In batch systems, 8 cycles of grinding showed higher efficiency, but 20 min of grinding time in continuous processing was more efficient to reduce particle size than the batch processing. Based on the result, the optimum conditions of the wet grinding process were established: operation time of 20 minutes, rotor speed of 4,000 rpm, bead size of 0.4 mm, feed rate of 40 mL/min and 30% mixing ration with water. The size of the resulting ultra fine calcium particles ranged between 40 and 660 mm.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.5-12
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• 2015

In recent years, it had focused on the improvement of paper properties by addition of NFC (Nano-fibrillated Cellulose). Although the addition of NFC to wet-end of papermaking process could be suggested as a new solution to improve the strength properties of paper, it was not possible to avoid the bad drainage caused by the added NFC's chocking pores of wet web. Instead of the direct addition to wet-end, spraying of NFC to web in wire-section was tried in this study and evaluated by checking various paper properties including surface smoothness, tensile strength, folding endurance and stiffness. According to the increase of spraying amount of NFC, above mentioned paper properties were enhanced without excessive deterioration of drainage. Compared with direct introduction to wet-end, spraying could be regarded as a more proper method to enhance the surface smoothness and strength properties of paper.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.769-773
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• 2019

In this study, the migration route and the absorption rate of calcium and magnesium in apple leaves were compared and analyzed using plant nutrients prepared by wet nano-grinding technology. The plant nutrients were sprayed onto the leaves to confirm the component content and the movement route of the nanoized calcium and magnesium. At 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the plant nutrient treatment, the apple leaves were divided into petiole, lamina, and side, and SEM and EDS were used to measure the calcium and magnesium contents. The calcium and magnesium contents of the petiole increased from the 4th week after plant nutrient application to 1,115% at the 8th week. The calcium and magnesium contents of the lamina decreased after spraying but increased after 4 weeks. The calcium and magnesium contents increased in the side of the leaves compared to the control, reaching 673% after 4 weeks. The calcium and magnesium contents increased with increasing duration in all plots when compared with the control unsprayed leaves, suggesting that the usually poorly soluble calcium and magnesium were transferred from the petioles to the lamina. The results of this study indicate that improved calcium and magnesium absorption could be obtained in crops other than apples using plant nutrients produced through wet nano-processing technology. This technology is also expected to be applicable to natural products and bioindustries.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.657-661
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• 2009

Liquid microparticulated seaweed calcium was manufactured via a wet grinding process. Thereafter, different forming agents such as cyclodextrin, gum arabic, and Na-caseinate were added to the liquid calcium, which was then spray-dried to investigate the quality of the powdered calcium treatments. The moisture contents of samples were approximately 2%. It was also determined that the different kinds of forming agents did not affect the spray drying efficiency. In addition, calcium solubility was the highest in a solution of pH 2. In buffer solution and vinegar, the powdered calcium made with gum arabic showed the highest solubility among the treatments. The calcium contents of all the powdered microparticulate seaweed calcium samples were about 28%, and calcium content was not affected by the forming agents. The spray-dried calcium powder made by spray drying with gum arabic had the highest water vapor uptake, whereas the seaweed calcium was stable in terms of water adsorption. The results of SEM observations indicated that a portion of the spray-dried calcium powders were in nano-scale after wet-grinding. Among the treatments, the use of saccharides as a forming agent resulted in the most uniform particle distribution after spray-drying.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2008

3D integration technology has been a major focus of the next generation of IC industries. In this study Si wafer ultra-thinning has been investigated especially for the effect of ultra-thinning on the silicon surface. Wafers were grinded down to $30{\mu}m\;or\;50{\mu}m$ thickness and then grinded only samples were compared with surface treated samples in terms of surface roughness, surface damages, and hardness. Dry polishing or wet etching treatment has been applied as a surface treatment. Surface treated samples definitely showed much less surface damages and better roughness. However, ultra-thinned Si samples have the almost same hardness as a bulk Si wafer.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.2 s.52
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• pp.135-145
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• 2007

The needs for the ultra fine particles have been increased in preparation field of raw powders such as fine ceramics and high functional products. In this study, a series of wet grinding experiments were carried out on inorganic powders such as calcite, pyrophyllite and talc by a stirred ball mill. The particle size distribution of ground products of each test material fur a given grinding time was found to be expressed by the grinding rate (selection function) which was obtained from the grinding kinetics analysis. The median diameter decreased from 6.49 to $0.47{\mu}m$ in calcite, and decreased from 3.91 to $1.14{\mu}m$ in pyrophyllite. However, in talc, median diameter was decreased a little bit from 10.30 to $6.67{\mu}m$. The grinding rate changing on calcite and pyriphyllite were similar at the same conditions. However, in the case of talc, it was observed that the grinding rate was not increased compared to other samples.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.465-471
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• 2018

Bee pollen is one of many types of alternative remedies, and it has been used for a long time throughout the world. It has numerous health effects, including antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, immune modulation, enhanced cell proliferation, and even anti-carcinogenic effects. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of bee pollen on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rodents. For this experiment, we used nano-sized bee pollen produced through wet-grinding technology, thereby the extraction efficiency of the active ingredients in the bee pollen was significantly enhanced. First, We found that nano-sized bee pollen significantly reduced the size of prostates enlarged by chronic testosterone administration. In addition, nano-sized bee pollen significantly reduced the plasma concentration of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Interestingly, nano-sized bee pollen did not reduce the testosterone-induced increase in the plasma concentration of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$). The beneficial effects of nano-sized bee pollen in reducing both the size of the prostate and the plasma concentration of PSA was comparable to that of dutasteride. Finally, nano-sized bee pollen did not cause damage in LNCaP cells which are androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma cells. Together, these data indicate that nano-sized bee pollen may be able to be used as a good alternative remedy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.605-614
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• 2018

Bee pollen has an outer wall which is resistant to both acidic and basic solutions and even the digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the oral bioavailability of bee pollen is only 10-15%. A previous study reported on wet-grinding technology which increased the extraction of active ingredients from bee pollen by 11 times. This study was designed to investigate the safety of wet-ground bee pollen. First, a single dose of wet-ground bee pollen was tested in both rats and beagle dogs at dosages of 5, 10, and 20 g/kg and 1.5, 3, and 6 g/kg, respectively. In rats, compound-colored stools were found in those administered 10 g/kg or more of wet-ground bee pollen. In beagle dogs, 6 g/kg of wet-ground bee pollen induced diarrhea in one male for four hours. However, no obvious clinical signs were found through the end of the experiment in rats and beagle dogs. In addition, no histological abnormality was found in all animals. The data indicates that a single dose of up to 20 g/kg of wet-ground bee pollen is safe. Next, the genetic toxicity of nano-sized bee pollen was tested. This study employed a bacterial reverse mutation test, a micronucleus assay, and a chromosomal aberration assay. In the micronucleus assay, there was no genetic toxicity up to the dosage of 2 g/kg. There was also no genetic toxicity in the bacterial reverse mutation test and chromosomal aberration assay. This data provides important information in developing nano-sized bee pollen into more advanced functional foods and herbal medicines.