• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.143-154
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• 1998

The purpose of this research is to suggest basic materials for the practical infection precaution program to protect health care workers from hospital infection by grasping their compliance level of Universal Precautions and examining the factors affecting them. The number of the health care workers we studied were 486, including the doctors, the nurses, and the lab technicians who were working in a university hospital. The period of this research was from Aug. 18th, 1997 to Aug. 30th, 1997. The method of the study was to measure the compliance level of Universal Precautions with the item of "Universal Precautions" established by CDC in 1987, and examine the questionnaire of 52 questions dividing related factors into socio-populational, individual, socio-psychological and organizational management ones. The data was analyzed by t-test. ANOVA, and chi-square test. The results were as follows : 1. An the compliance level of Universal Precautions, hand washing had the highest score(85.4%), and doctors(18.9%), nurses(44.0%), and lab technicians(7.6%), had a low compliance level in the safe handling of an injection syringe, and item not to handle patients and their samples when the subject suffered from dermatitis or injury had the lowest score of 17.1%. 23.3% of them said that they wear protection gown, goggles and mask. 2. Female's Compliance level of Universal Precautions Was higher than male. 3. The health care workers who had high recognition on Universal Precautions got significantly higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than those have low recognition on Universal Precautions(P<0.001). 4. The health care workers experienced a needle stick injury had a significantly higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than those who had not(P<0.000). 5. The health care workers who had infection protection education got a significantly higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than those who didn't(P<0.000). 6. The health care workers who had a firm belief in the effect of Universal Precautions got a higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than those who didn't. 7. The health care workers who had less conflicts between treating patient arid protecting them-selves got a higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than others with many conflicts. 8. The health care workers who had a high score in organizational management factors got a significantly higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than those with a low score(P<0.000). 9. Only 16.9 percent of the all respondents(82 in number) answered that they knew well or a little about the Universal Precautions, which is very low rate of recognition. 10. The variables which affected the score in organizational management factors were age, sex, education period, work experience, the kind of work, recognition on Universal Precautions, the experience of needle stick injury, revealing dangerous circumstance related to infection, and training on precaution again infection. According to the result above, compliance level of Universal Precautions showed high correlation with sex, the recognition on Universal Precautions, the experience of needle stick injury, training on precaution against infection, the belief in the effect of Universal Precautions, the recognition degree of conflicts and organizatinal management factors. These results could be used as the basic materials for the developing infection protection programs. Also, There should have a systematic training course to elevate a effective compliance level of Universal Precautions as well as the manageeent of infection protection programs.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2008

목적: 본 연구는 난시안의 교정 시 안정피로를 최소화하고 선명한 시생활 제공을 위한 적정 처방을 위해 최소착락원의 크기와 위치가 시력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 방법: 경기도에 재학 중인 20대에서 40대 사이의 근시성 난시를 가지고 있는 남, 녀 대학생 68명(136 eye)을 대상으로 난시안의 최소착락원 크기와 위치에 따른 교정시력의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 난시를 완전교정한 후의 교정시력과 난시축은 변화를 주지 않고 난시량 만을 0.25D, 0.50D 감소한 상태의 시력, 난시량을 0.50D 저교정 함과 동시에 구면렌즈 -0.25D를 추가 장입했을 때의 시력을 측정하였다. 결과: 난시량의 교정상태에 따른 평균시력은 난시량을 완전교정했을 때 1.047이었고, 0.25D 저 교정 했을 때는 0.914, 0.50D 저교정했을 때는 0.772로 최소착락원이 클수록 시력감소폭이 컸으며, 난시안에서 교정시력은 최소착락원의 크기와 상관관계가 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 난시안에서 최소락원의 위치에 따른 평균시력은 난시량이 완전교정되어 점(point) 상태로 상이 망막위에 형성되었을 때는 1.047이었고, 난시량이 0.50D 저교정 상태 즉, 최소착락원이 망막 앞에 형성되었을 때는 0.772, 난시량이 0.50D를 저교정하고 최소착락원이 망막 위에 형성되었을 때는 0.828로 조사되었다. 즉, 난시량의 저교정 상태가 같을 경우 최소착락원 형태의 상이 망막 위에 형성 되었을 때가 망막 앞에 형성되었을 때 보다 시력감소가 적은 것으로 조사되었다. 결론: 난시안의 장용검사에서 원주렌즈 굴절력을 감소할 경우 최소착락원을 망막 위에 위치시키는 구면렌즈의 조정이 반드시 필요하다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1535-1545
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• 2005

신축성 소재 여성용 바디수트 원형 설계에 관한 선행연구에서 개발된 바디수트의 진동둘레길이 항목을 적용한 소매원형 제도방법이 제안되었다 본 연구는 선행연구와 연속적 맥락에서, 첫째, 신축성 소재의 물성을 고려한 패턴축소율의 적용을 제시하고 둘째, 그에 따라 개발된 여성용 바디수트 소매원형의 제도방법의 단계별 서술을 통해 교육 및 산업분야에서의 사용을 목적으로 하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 광범위하게 사용되고 있는 기존의 소매원형 제도방법을 우선, 선정하여(i.e. Joseph-Armstrong: T1, Shoben & Ward: T2, Esmod: T3 그리고 Joseph-Armstrong 절충식 : T4) 분석하였다. 그 가운데 소매의 앞 뒤차가 반영되지 않는(i.e. T1) 것과 반영되는(i.e. T2, T3 그리고 T4) 방법으로 나누어 구분하고 그에 따른 바디수트 소매샘플을 선행연구와 동일한 신축성 소재$(wale: 50\%/course: 70\%)$를 사용하여 제작한 후, 5인의 전문평가단을 구성하여 그 외관과 동작적합성을 평가하였다. 외관평가에서 관찰된 항목은 앞, 옆, 뒤 바디수트 소매의 여유분, 중심선의 위치와 소매길이, 그리고 바디수트 몸판과의 조화정도의 총 13항목이었고, 쾌적성 평가에서는 전방수직, 측방수직, 측방수평 3동작을 통해 실험의의 동작적합성을 평가하였으며 최종적으로 외관과 동작성이 적절히 조화된 바디수트 소매원형을 제안하는 과정을 거쳤다. 외관평가에서 T3>T4>T2>T1 순서로 우수하게 평가되었으며, 동작적합성 평가에서는 T1>T4>T2>T3의 순으로 평가되어, 외관적으로는 여유분이 적어 당겨 보이는 이유로 점수가 낮아도 쾌적성에서는 오히려 죄어주는 것이 안정감이 있다고 분석되었다. 따라서 외관과 쾌적감의 균형을 고려하였을 때 최종적으로 T4,즉, 소재의 신축성에 따른 패턴축소율(전체소매길이 : 1.0RR, 소매산높이 : 0.7RR, 팔꿈치둘레: 0.9RR)이 반영되고, 진동둘레에 제로 이즈량을 부가하였으며, 앞뒤차가 반영된 바디수트 소매 원형 제도방법 이 제안되었다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

목 적: 정위적체부방사선치료(Stereotactic body radiotherapy) 시 환자셋업의 재현성 및 장시간 안정된 자세의 유지를 위한 고정용구는 정확한 치료를 위해 무엇보다 중요하다. 이에 본 연구는 상품화된 고정용구 두 가지와 자체 제작한 고정용구를 비교 평가하여 정위적체부방사선치료 시 최적의 고정용구를 적용하는데 그 목적이 있다. 대상 및 방법: 일반인 5명을 대상으로 각기 다른 세 가지 고정용구(A: Wing-board, B: BodyFix system, C: Arm up holder with vac-lock)를 각각 적용하였으며 대상자의 가장 안정적인 호흡주기를 선택하여, 고글 모니터를 착용 후 일정한 호흡을 30분간 유지토록 하여 호흡신호를 획득하였다. 호흡신호의 분석은 본원에서 자체 개발한 프로그램을 통해 호흡신호의 최고값(peak value)과 최저값(valley value)의 표준편차(standard deviation) 및 분산값(variation value)을 시간대별로 분리하여 획득하고 이를 이용해서 상대적 비교지수를 구하여 각 고정 용구를 비교평가 하였다. 결 과: 각 고정용구의 호흡시간대별 편차의 변화를 고려한 안정도를 평가하였으며, 고정 용구 별 비교지수는 각 실험자별로 다음과 같다. A: 11.20, B: 4.87, C: 1.63 / A: 3.94, B: 0.67, C: 0.13 / A: 2.41, B: 0.29, C: 0.04 / A: 0.16, B: 0.19, C: 0.007 / A: 35.70, B: 2.37, C: 1.86으로 나타났으며, 실험자 5명 모두 고정용구 C를 사용하였을 때 가장 안정된 값을 나타냈다. 반면 A를 사용했을 때 4명, B에서 1명이 상대적으로 가장 불안정한 호흡결과를 나타냈다. 결 론: 자체개발한 정위적체부방사선치료 고정용구(arm up holder with vac-lock)는 다른 두 고정용구에 비해 호흡을 안정적으로 유지시킴으로서 조사분할내 종양움직임(intra-fraction organ motion)을 감소시켜 치료효과를 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 특히 셋업을 장시간 유지시켜야 하는 정위적체부방사선치료의 특성상 시간의 경과에 따라 불안한 호흡주기를 나타낸 다른 두 고정용구에 비해 자체개발한 고정용구가 정위적체부방사선치료에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.32-43
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on elementary school children's lifestyle and to contribute to developing on the health education program in elementary schools. The subjects were 1,412 children in 4 elementary schools in Gangwon-Do and Chonrabuk-Do area. Data collection was done from September to November 2001 by questionnaire and school health documents. The questionnaire corrected for the purpose of this study which had been developed by Bronson School of Nursing(1991), 'Lifestyle Questionnaire for School-age Children'. The questionnaire consists of 3 categories; 'Activities that promote health', 'Injury prevention', 'Feeling'. Cronbach coefficient alpha for the 29 items was .68. The data analyzed to obtain frequency, mean, percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient by SPSS Win program. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Females(50.2%) of gender, 6th grade(24.2%) of grade, nuclear family(82.0%) of family type, beyond college graduate(54.5%) of father's school career, under high school graduate(58.1%) of mother's school career, first of birth order(47.1%) were majority. Mean of father's age was 41.2 and mother's age was 38.1. 2. The mean of lifestyle was 66.4, feeling was 73.3, activities that promote health was 60.3 and injury prevention was 64.0. The highest degree of activities that promote health was 「I eat fruits」and injury prevention was 「I look both ways when crossing streets」and feeling was 「I enjoy my family」. The lowest degree of activities that promote health was 「I visit the dentist every tear」 and injury prevention was 「I wear a helmet when I go on bike trips」 and feeling was 「I think it is okay to cry」. 3. There were significant differences in lifestyle of gender(t=4.309, p=.000), grade(F=6.299, p=.000), father's age(t=2.534, p=.011), father's education(t=-4.933, p=.000), mother's education(t=-3.360, p=.001), birth order (t=5.363, p=.000). There were significant differences in activities that promote health of gender(t=-2.462, P=.014), grade(F=4.893, p=.000), father's education(t=-4.480, p=.000), birth order(t=4.343, p=.000), in injury prevention of gender(t=-4.452, p=.000), grade(F=8.636, p=.000), father's age(t=3.386, p=.001), mother's age(t=2.059, p=.040), father's education(t=-6.051, p=.000), mother's education(t=-5.173, p=.000), birth order(t=4.417, p=.000) and in feeling of gender (t=-3.285, p=.001), grade(F=7.526, p=.000), mother's age(t=-3.268, p=.001). 4. Activities that promote health was positively correlated with injury prevention(r=.432, p=.000), feeling(r=.210, p=.000), lifestyle (r=.785, p=.000). Injury prevention was positively correlated with feeling(r=.256, p=.000), lifestyle(r=.854, p=.000) also feeling was positively correlated with lifestyle(r=.504, p=.000). These findings suggest the need to develop nursing strategy to promote elementary school children's health. Because helmet use score in injury prevention marked the lowest score, it is necessary to encourage helmet use when planning injury prevention and health promotion.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2009

Objectives : To assess the protective effects of wearing protective devices among the residents and volunteers who participated in the cleanup of the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Methods : A total of 288 residents and 724 volunteers were surveyed about symptoms, whether they were wearing protective devices and potential confounding variables. The questionnaires were administered from the second to the sixth week following the accident. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites of 4 volatile organic compounds(VOCs), 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), and 6 heavy metals. The association between the wearing of protective devices and various symptoms was assessed using a multiple logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables. A multiple generalized linear regression model adjusted for the covariates was used to test for a difference in least-square mean concentration of urinary biomarkers between residents who wore protective devices and those who did not. Results : Thirty nine to 98% of the residents and 62-98% of volunteers wore protective devices. Levels of fatigue and fever were higher among residents not wearing masks than among those who did wear masks(odds ratio 4.5; 95% confidence interval 1.23-19.86). Urinary mercury levels were found to be significantly higher among residents not wearing work clothes or boots(p<0.05). Conclusions : Because the survey was not performed during the initial high-exposure period, no significant difference was found in metabolite levels between people who wore protective devices and those who did not, except for mercury, whose biological half-life is more than 6 weeks.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.137-147
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• 2008

임플랜트 보철물에서 각 구성 요소를 연결하는 나사 풀림 현상이 흔히 발생하고 있다. 나사 풀림을 최소화하기 위해서 연결 구성 부품 사이의 압축력을 최대로 하는 것이 중요한데, 나사 신장의 허용 한계 내에서 조임회전력을 증가시켜 나사 내부의 인장력 즉 전하중을 극대화하기 위해서는 마찰 계수를 감소시켜 초기 조임회전력의 손실을 최소화해야 한다. 건조 윤활제를 나사 표면에 코팅한 나사들이 전하중을 증가시키고 나사 풀림을 감소시키나 나사의 반복체결에 따른 코팅표면의 마모가 문제점으로 지적되고 있다. 최근 내마모성이 우수하며 동시에 나사의 마찰 저항을 최소화할 수 있는 텅스텐 카바이드/탄소 코팅을 이용한 나사가 임상에 사용되고 있으나 실제적으로 연결부 안정성에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구는 미미한 편이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 external butt joint 형태를 가지는 US II 시스템과 one stage용 8도의 internal cone 연결형태의 SS II 시스템 및 11도의 internal cone 연결형태의 GS II 시스템에서 티타늄 합금 나사의 텅스텐 카바이드/탄소 코팅이 지대주 나사 풀림에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 100만 회 반복 하중 전후의 풀림회전력 및 상실률을 비교한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 초기 풀림회전력은 티타늄 합금나사보다 텅스텐 카바이드/탄소 코팅 나사를 사용한 경우 작게 나타났으며 (P<.01), 동일 나사를 사용한 경우에는 임플랜트 시스템 간에 차이가 없었다 (P>.05). 2. 반복하중에 따른 풀림회전력의 상실률은 두 나사 모두에서 external butt joint 형태의 US II 시스템이 internal cone 연결형태의 SS II 와 GS II 시스템 보다 크게 나타났으나, SS II 와 GS II 시스템 사이에는 차이를 보이지 않았다 (P<.01). 3. 텅스텐 카바이드/탄소 코팅 나사를 사용한 경우 티타늄 합금 나사에 비해 모든 시스템에서 반복하중 후 풀림회전력 상실률이 작게 나타났으며 (P<.01), 코팅 나사 사용으로 인한 상실률의 감소차는 임플랜트 시스템 간에 차이를 보이지 않았다 (P>.05).

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제3권호
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• pp.54-70
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• 1993

According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.