• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.266-276
• /
• 2023

Purpose: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) may be genetically determined based on the secretor and Lewis status of the mother. This study aims to determine the HMO profile and the secretor and Lewis gene status of Indonesian lactating mothers. Methods: Baseline data of 120 mother-infant pairs between 0-4 months post-partum obtained from a prospective longitudinal study was used. The concentrations of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), and 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL) were measured. Genetic analysis was performed for mothers using targeted next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Wild-type AA with the rs1047781 (A385T) polymorphism was categorized as secretor positive, while heterozygous mutant AT was classified as a weak secretor. The presence of rs28362459 (T59G) heterozygous mutant AC and rs3745635 (G508A) heterozygous mutant CT genes indicated a Lewis negative status, and the absence of these genes indicated a positive status. Subsequently, breast milk was classified into various groups, namely Group 1: Secretor+Lewis+ (Se+Le+), Group 2: Secretor-Lewis+ (Se-Le+), Group 3: Secretor+Lewis-(Se+Le-), and Group 4: Secretor-Lewis- (Se-Le-). Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis rank tests, and a p-value of 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results: A total of 58.3% and 41.7% of the samples had positive and weak secretor statuses, respectively. The proportion of those in Group 1 was 85%, while 15% were Group 3. The results showed that only 2'FL significantly differed according to the secretor status (p-value=0.018). Conclusion: All Indonesian lactating mothers in this study were secretor positive, and most of them had a Lewis-positive status.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.395-406
• /
• 2002

The sixty natural springs and community wells used as a drinking water in the Daejeon area are mainly located at the parks and the natural green districts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of water quality and the contamination of the springs and the wells, and to suggest the management strategy for the springs and wells. For this study, we undertook water quality data from Daejeon City. According to the statistic analysis of water quality data, unacceptable rate as a drinking water was about 28 percent in 1999 and 24.5 percent in 2000, respectively. Major unacceptable factor is coliform, and others are bacteria, yersinia, color, turbidity, Fe and F. The unacceptable rate shows a roughly positive relationship with precipitation, that is, it shows highest rate during a rainy season between June and September. The major contamination source is likely to be the excrement of wild animals around natural springs and wells. Most of springs are vulnerable to the contamination of coliform and bacteria because of short residence time and shallow circulation in subsurface environment. The water samples collected from 31 springs or wells show weak acidic pHs, the electrical conductivity ranging from 63 to 357 $\mu\textrm{S}$/cm, and the hydrochemical types of Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$ and Ca-HC0$_3$. The groundwater samples of low total dissolved solid(TDS) belong to Na(Ca)-HC0$_3$. type, and the groundwater of high total dissolved solid is shifted towards Ca-HC0$_3$ type in the chemical composition. These hydrochemical characteristics indicate that most natural springs is in the early stage of geochemical evolution. The natural springs should be closed during a rainy season, which shows a high contamination rate. We suggest that a protection barrier around the springs should be built to keep wild animals away from the springs.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.26 no.9
• /
• pp.498-503
• /
• 2016

The characteristics of aqueous lithium recovery by ion exchange were studied using three commercial cation exchange resins: CMP28 (porous type strong acid exchange resin), SCR-B (gel type strong acid exchange resin) and WK60L (porous type weak acid exchange resin). CMP28 was the most effective material for aqueous lithium recovery; its performance was even enhanced by modifying the cation with $K^+$. A comparison to $Na^+$ and $H^+$ form resins demonstrated that the performance enhancement is reciprocally related to the electronegativity of the cation form. Further kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies with the $K^+$ form CMP28 showed that aqueous lithium recovery by ion exchange was well fitted with the pseudo-second-order rate equation and the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum ion exchange capacity of aqueous lithium recovery was found to be 14.28 mg/g and the optimal pH was in the region of 4-10.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.247-257
• /
• 1997

It was the turning point in the "fixed point arena" when the notion of weak commutativity was introduced by Sessa [9] as a sharper tool to obtain common fixed points of mappings. As a result, all the results on fixed point theorems for commuting mappings were easily transformed in the setting of the new notion of weak commutativity of mappings. It gives a new impetus to the studying of common fixed points of mappings satisfying some contractive type conditions and a number of interesting results have been found by various authors. A bulk of results were produced and it was the centre of vigorous research activity in "Fixed Point Theory and its Application in various other Branches of Mathematical Sciences" in last two decades. A major break through was done by Jungck [3] when he proclaimed the new notion what he called "compatibility" of mapping and its usefulness for obtaining common fixed points of mappings was shown by him. There-after a flood of common fixed point theorems was produced by various researchers by using the improved notion of compatibility of mappings. of compatibility of mappings.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.904-909
• /
• 2012

Acid sulfate soil (ASS) and potential acid sulfate soil (PASS) are distribution in worldwide and originate from sedimentary process, volcanic activity, or metamorphism and are problematic in agriculture and environmental due to their present and potential acidity developed by the oxidation. The PASS was defined as soil materials that had sulfidic layer more than 20 cm thick within 4 m of the soil profile and contained more than 0.15% of total-sulfur (T-S). A tentative interpretative soil classification system was proposed weak potential acid sulfate (T-S, 0.15-0.5%), moderate potential acid sulfate (T-S, 0.5-0.75%) and strong potential acid sulfate (T-S, more than 0.75%). PASS due to excess of pyrite over soil neutralizing capacity are formed. It provides no information on the kinetic rates of acid generation or neutralization; therefore, the test procedures used in acid base account (ABA) are referred to as static procedures. The net acid generation (NAG) test is a direct method to measure the ability of the sample to produce acid through sulfide oxidation and also provides and indication. The NAG test can evaluated easily whether the soils is PASS. The samples are mixed sandy loam and the PAS from the hydrothermal altered andesite (1:3, 1:8, 1:16, 1:20, 1:40, 1:80 and 1:200 ratios) in this study. We could find out that the NAG pH of the soil containing 0.75% of T-S was 2.5, and that of the soil has 0.15% of T-S was 3.8. NAG pH test can be proposed as soil classification criteria for the potential acid sulfate soils. The strong type has NAG pH of 2.5, the moderate one has NAG pH of 3.0, and the weak one has NAG pH of 3.5.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2009.05a
• /
• pp.28.1-28.1
• /
• 2009

The superior properties of ZnO such as high exciton binding energy, high thermal and chemical stability, low growth temperature and possibility of wet etching process in ZnO have great interest for applications ranging from optoelectronics to chemical sensor. Particularly, vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods on large areas with good optical and structural properties are of special interest for the fabrication of electronic and optical nanodevices. Currently, low-dimensional ZnO is synthesized by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), thermal evaporation, and sol.gel growth. Recently, our group has been reported about achievement the growth of Ga-doped ZnO nanorods using ZnO seed layer on p-type Si substrate by RF magnetron sputtering system at high rf power and high growth temperature. However, the crystallinity of nanorods deteriorates due to lattice mismatch between nanorods and Si substrate. Also, in the growth of oxide using sputtering, the oxygen flow ratio relative to argon gas flow is an important growth parameter and significantly affects the structural properties. In this study, Phosphorus (P) doped ZnO nanorods were grown on c-sapphire substrates without seed layer by radio frequency magnetron sputtering with various argon/oxygen gas ratios. The layer change films into nanorods with decreasing oxygen partial pressure. The diameter and length of vertically well-aligned on the c-sapphire substrate are in the range of 51-103 nm and about 725 nm, respectively. The photoluminescence spectra of the nanorods are dominated by intense near band-edge emission with weak deep-level emission.

• Journal of Naturopathy
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study examined the distribution of constitution(Con) types by examining the Chinese constitution table questionnaire with 594 Seoul citizens. It investigated the preferences of five colors by the Con. It then was to explore the validity of the test and the five colors according to the Con. Methods: We used the CC table questionnaire and surveyed by using a cardinal color. Results: The Con type distributions include yangweak(31.4%), yin-weak, gall-humidity, harmony, qi-weak, qi-gloom, specific, and extravasate in order. The lack of statistical significance also indicates that the CC test is not appropriate for Seoul citizens. The order of five preferences is 31% in blue, 25.3% in yellow, 18% in white, 17.7% in red, and 8% in black. Blue was the most preferred and black the least. There were differences in the distribution of five colors, but they were not statistically significant. In five viscera diseases of the yang-weak con, the stomach was more than half(50.3%). The highest preferred color was blue (30.9%). This difference was significant(p <.01). It evaluated that this influences the preference of five colors by five diseases. Conclusions: The constitution of Seoulian in the CC survey distributed into nine categories. There was a difference in preference of five colors by the con. However, it was not significant. This indicates that the Chinese con table is not suitable for Seoulian. However, the results are to be primary data for research in this field.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.507-522
• /
• 2021

Specific survey objectives often cannot be met using only one geophysical method, as each method's results are influenced by the specific physical properties of subsurface materials. In particular, areas susceptible to geological hazards require investigation using more than one method in order to reduce risks to life and property. Instead of analyzing the results from each method separately, this work develops a four-quadrant criterion for classifying areas of levees as safe or weak. The assessment is based on statistically determined thresholds of seismic velocity (P-wave velocity from seismic refraction and S-wave velocity from multichannel analysis of surface waves) and electrical resistivity. Thresholds are determined by subtracting the standard deviation from the mean during performance testing of this correlation technique applied to model data of four horizontal and inclined fracture zones. Compared with results from the crossplot of resistivity and P-wave velocity, crossplot analysis using resistivity and S-wave velocity data provides more reliable information on the soil type, ground stiffness, and lithological characteristics of the levee system. A loose and sandy zone (represented by low S-wave velocity and high resistivity) falling within the second quadrant is interpreted to be a weak zone. This interpretation is well supported by the N values from standard penetrating test for the central core.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.19-47
• /
• 1990

The purpose of this study was to investigate the high school teachers' sexual knowledge, attitude and their need of sex education for the students in Seoul. These data were collected by questionnaire in Oct. 1989. The result was compared by the type of teacher (school health nurse and high school teacher), involving in sex education or not, age, marital status and religion. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1. The mean score of sexual knowledge of the school health nurses was higher than the high school teachers. (P<0.05) (the average correct answer rate:the school health nurses=80.85%, the high school teachers=62.65%)Female teachers who were involved in sex education got higher score than the male high school teachers and female teachers who were not. (P<0.05) The married female high school teachers got higher score than never-married. (p<0.05) 2. About the sexual attitudes, the respondents were asked in the Likert's four-point scale with 3 groups of questions that were anatomical and physiological terminology about sex, normal sexual life and immoral sexual life. About anatomical and physiological terminology about sex, they had a little positive feeling. (mean score= 2.62) The school health nurses and the male high school teachers had more positive feeling than the female. (P< 0.05) Also the aged and married male high school teachers had more positive feeling than others. (P<0.05) About normal sexual life, they had a little positive feeling and moderately permissive attitude. (feeling mean score=2.96, attitude mean score=3.23) The school health nurses and the male high school teachers had more positive feeling than the female. (P<0.05) And the male high school teachers had more permissive attitude than the female. (P<0.05) About immoral sexual life, they had strongly negative feeling and conservative attitude. (feeling mean score =3.49, attitude mean score=3.35) The school health nurses the female high school teachers had more negative feeling and conservative attitude than the male. (P<0.05) And the male protestant high school teachers had more conservative attitude than no-religion group. (P<0.05) 3. There was a weak correlation between sexual knowledge and attitude. 4. There was no significant difference about starting of sex education between the school health nurses and the high school teachers. (P>0.05) Generally, they answered that the starting of sex education about physical growth and development could bp given with the students' physical growth and development. But for the sex education about emotional and social development, they answered that the education should be given later than the emotional and social development of students. 62.1% of the school health nurses did sex education and 36.5% of the high school teachers did. The common contents of sex education were intersexual-fellowship(date), venereal disease and marriage. And the education about abnormal sex-behavior. divorce and sexual intercourse was given rarely.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.2323-2330
• /
• 2021

Background: Stroke patients have weak trunk muscle strength due to brain injury, so a single type of exercise is advised for restoring functionality. However, even after intervention, the problem still lies and it is suggested that another intervention method should be applied with exercise in order to deal with such problem. Objectives: To Investigate the effect of bridge exercise combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on trunk muscle activity and balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: From July to August 2020, twenty stroke patients was sampled, ten patients who mediated bridge exercises combined with functional electrical stimulation were assigned to experiment group I, and ten patients who mediated general bridge exercises were assigned to experiment groupII. For the pre-test, using surface EMG were measured paralyzed rectus abdominis, erector spinae, transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscle activity, and using trunk impairment scale were measured balance. In order to find out immediate effect after intervention, post-test was measured immediately same way pre-test. Results: Change in balance didn't show significant difference within and between groups, but muscle activity of trunk was significant difference rectus abdominis and erector spinae within groups I (P<.01), also between groups was significant difference (P<.05). Conclusion: Bridge exercise combined with FES could improve trunk function more effectively than general bridge exercise due to physiological effect of functional electrical stimulation.