• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2017

Sonic and supersonic jets include many complicated flow physics associated with shock waves, shear layers, vortices as well as strong interactions among them, and have a variety of engineering applications. Much has been learned from the previous researches on the sonic and supersonic jets but quantitative assessment of these jets is still uneasy due to the high velocity of flow, compressibility effects, and sometimes flow unsteadiness. In the present study, the sonic jets issuing from a convergent nozzle were measured by PIV and Schlieren optical techniques. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) with Olive oil particles of $1{\mu}m$ was employed to obtain the velocity field of the jets, and the black-white and color Schlieren images were obtained using Xe ramp. A color filter of Blue-Green-Red has been designed for the color Schlieren and obtained from an Ink jet printer. In experiments, two types of sonic nozzles were used at different operating pressure ratios(NPR). The obtained images clearly showed the major features of the jets such as Mach disk, barrel shock waves, jet boundaries, etc.

• 천문학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2012

We explore how wave-particle interactions affect diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at astrophysical shocks by performing time-dependent kinetic simulations, in which phenomenological models for magnetic field amplification (MFA), Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift, thermal leakage injection, Bohm-like diffusion, and a free escape boundary are implemented. If the injection fraction of cosmic-ray (CR) particles is ${\xi}$ > $2{\times}10^{-4}$, for the shock parameters relevant for young supernova remnants, DSA is efficient enough to develop a significant shock precursor due to CR feedback, and magnetic field can be amplified up to a factor of 20 via CR streaming instability in the upstream region. If scattering centers drift with Alfv$\acute{e}$n speed in the amplified magnetic field, the CR energy spectrum can be steepened significantly and the acceleration efficiency is reduced. Nonlinear DSA with self-consistent MFA and Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift predicts that the postshock CR pressure saturates roughly at ~10 % of the shock ram pressure for strong shocks with a sonic Mach number ranging $20{\leq}M_s{\leq}100$. Since the amplified magnetic field follows the flow modification in the precursor, the low energy end of the particle spectrum is softened much more than the high energy end. As a result, the concave curvature in the energy spectra does not disappear entirely even with the help of Alfv$\acute{e}$nic drift. For shocks with a moderate Alfv$\acute{e}$n Mach number ($M_A$ < 10), the accelerated CR spectrum can become as steep as $E^{-2.1}$ - $E^{-2.3}$, which is more consistent with the observed CR spectrum and gamma-ray photon spectrum of several young supernova remnants.

• 셀메드
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.9.1-9.14
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• 2015

The so-called "Needham's Grand Question" (NGQ) can be formulated as why modern science was developed in Europe despite the earlier successes of science and technology in ancient China. Numerous answers have been proposed. In this review, it will be pointed out that traditional Chinese natural philosophy (TCNP) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are in fact dealing with problems of highly complex dynamical systems of Nature and human beings. Due to the lack of mathematical machinery in dealing with such complex phenomena, a holistic approach was taken by ancient Chinese instead. It was very successful for the first eighteen centuries. In the recent three centuries, however, the reductionist and mechanistic viewpoints of Western natural philosophy, sciences, and medicine have been prevalent all over the world up to now. The main obstacle in preventing the advancement of TCM, TCNP and its sciences is actually the lacking of proper mathematical tools in dealing with complex dynamical systems. Fortunately, the tools are now available and a "chaotic wave theory of fractal continuum" has been proposed recently. To give the theory an operational meaning, three basic laws of TCNP are outlined. These three laws of wave/field interactions contrast readily with those of Newton's particle collisions. Via the proposed three laws, TCM, TCNP and its sciences can be unified under the same principles. Finally, an answer to NGQ can be accurately given. It is hoped that this review will help promoting a genuine understanding of natural philosophy, sciences, and medicine in an ecumenical way.

• 천문학회보
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.118.2-118.2
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• 2012

In particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation studies related to ion-ion two-stream instability, a reduced ion-to-electron mass ratio is often employed to save computation time. But it was not clearly verified how electrons dynamics are coupled with the slower evolution of ion-ion interactions under the external electric field. We have studied the ion beam driven instability using a 1D electrostatic PIC code by comparing different rescaling of parameter with real ion mass from the reference simulation with reduced ion mass. As the external electric field is stronger, the excited unstable mode range was more sensitively affected by the system size with the real mass ratio than the reduced ion mass. The results show that the reduced mass ratio should be used cautiously in PIC code as the electron dynamics can modify the ion instabilities. Additionally we found the formation of electron flat-top distribution in the final saturation stage. Simulation results show that in the early phase electrostatic solitary waves are quasi-periodically formed, but later they are fully dissipated resulting in heated, flat-top distributions. New electron beam components are occasionally formed. These are a consequence of the interaction with solitary wave structures. We parametrically investigate the development of electron phase space distributions for various drift speeds of ion beams and temperature ratios between ions and electrons

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2012

L-arpartic acid의 산란혼탁매질에서 형광, 산란과 응집의 영향은 파장과 산란된 형광세기로 나타내는데, laser induced fluorescence(LIF) 분광학에 의한 분자특성으로 나타난다. 산란매질에서 광학적 효과는 광학적 파라미터들(${\mu}_s$, ${\mu}_a$, ${\mu}_t$)에 의해 표현되고 응집은 고-액상 분리공정에서 중요하게 활용되고 있다. 따라서 입자가 서로 접근될 때 콜로이드 입자들의 상호작용을 LIF와 응집효과로 분석하였다. 레이저 광원에서 검출기까지 농도의 함수에 의해 농도가 묽어짐에 따라 산란세기가 기하급수적으로 감소함을 알 수 있다. 이는 유지화학, 생의학 생성물, 레이저 의학, 의공학 분야적용에 LIF와 입자이동 현상은 아주 적합한 모델 연구에 큰 도움이 될 것이다.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.367-375
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• 2010

지구물질로 이루어진 공극 구조와 이를 채우고 있는 유체의 상호작용에 대한 이해는 지표 및 지구내부의 다양한 지질학적 현상의 설명에 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 지구물질과 유체의 상호작용을 보다 잘 이해하기 위해, 비표면적과 공극률이 다공성 매질의 공극 구조를 설명하는 매개변수에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 입자의 지름과 공극률을 다양하게 하여 동일한 크기의 구형의 입자로 이루어진 다공성 매질에 대한 삼차원 공극 구조를 무작위 패킹 시뮬레이션으로 얻었고, 이에 대해 구성 엔트로피와 삼차원 상자집계 프랙탈 차원 분석을 하였다 구성 엔트로피 분석 결과, 엔트로피 길이는 비표면적이 2.4에서 $8.3mm^2/mm^3$으로 증가할 때 0.8에서 0.2 mm로 감소하고, 최대 구성 엔트로피는 공극률이 0.33 에서 0.46으로 증가할수록 0.94에서 0.99로 증가하는 뚜렷한 경향을 보인다. 구성 엔트로피와 공극률의 관계로부터 구성 엔트로피가 맨틀 용융체의 탄성과 점성도를 설명하는 변수로 사용될 수 있음을 제시한다. 삼차원 상자집계 프랙탈 차원은 비표면적이 같을 때 공극률이 증가함에 따라 증가하고, 비표면적이 2.4에서 $8.3mm^2/mm^3$으로 증가할 때 2.65에서 2.98로 증가한다. 이러한 삼차원 상자집계 프랙탈 차원과 비표면적, 공극률의 관계로부터 삼차원 상자집계 프랙탈 차원이 지진파 감쇠와 맨틀용융체를 포함한 다양한 지질매체의 구조와 무질서도를 설명하는 변수로 사용될 수 있음을 제시한다.