• Journal of Convergence Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-20
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• 2024

Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic feasibility using pulse parameters as a way to establish safe dose guidelines for Chunwangbosim-dan, and to provide a foundation for developing evidence-based guidelines for clinical use. Methods: Forty-one volunteers were recruited to participate in a study examining the changes in pulse wave characteristics following the ingestion of Chunwangbosim-dan, over a period of 2 weeks, and pulse wave measurements were taken before and after the administration. Pulse wave parameters were measured in this study using a 3-dimensional radial pulse tonometry device(DMP-Lifeplus). In addition, questionnaire, blood pressure, temperature, and body composition were also measured as secondary measures. Results: Fifteen minutes after administration of Chunwangbosim-dan, the non-adverse event group(non-AE) exhibited a statistically significant increase in several power and pressure-related parameters, including h1, h3, h4, h5, SA, PA and PW, while the adverse event group(AE) showed a trend of decreasing stroke volume and increasing Systemic Vascular Resistance Index(SVRI) and applied pressure. After 2 weeks of administration, non-adverse event group(non-AE) exhibited significant changes in standard deviation of pulse rate and HRV_LH ratio. Notably, there are significant differences between AE group and non-AE group in h4/h1, w/t, applied pressure, SV and pulse rate. Conclusion: These findings suggest that pulse parameters may be a useful way to establish safe dosing guidelines for Chunwangbosim-dan. Further research is needed to confirm these results and to develop evidence-based guidelines for clinical use.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.918-929
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of inverted position on EEG and heart rate variability before and after Bang song gong. BSG is a training method using in qi-gong and meditation to give a convergence of consciousness on body segments in order and take a silent speech of 'song'. The subjects were the 14 university students(n=7 per group) who had not experienced any medical problem and had not practiced BSG. They took a practice of the two way of BSG training program for 30 minutes every other day for two weeks. During practicing BSG, A group took sitting position and lean sitting position by turns, B group took inverted and lean sitting position in the same way. Statistical analysis conducted by two-way ANOVA($2groups^{\ast}2periods$) with p<0.05 for average difference of EEG and HR according to position change in each group before and after BSG. In A group, EEG and HR were changeless irrespective of the change of position and BSG. On the other hand, in B group, significant changes were observed in EEG(p<0.05). ${\alpha}$ wave of inverted position were on the increase, ${\beta}$ and ${\delta}$ wave of inverted position showed smaller power after two weeks training. In the variation of HR, there were smaller variation according to the position change after BSG compared to before BSG(p<0.05). The results suggested that an inverted position may make the depth of meditation deeper, and is likely to be effective for decreasing tension of brain and the sleepiness during qi-gong training. In addition to, an inverted position seemed to promote control of blood pressure of brain. So the application of an inverted position to 'BSG' will be very helpful to achieve deeper relaxation and to obtain the desired effect from qi-gong training.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.482-489
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• 2009

This paper proposes a CW(Continuous-Wave) bio-radar applying a new adaptive noise canceller based on ALE(Adaptive Line Enhancer) which can remove the Gaussian noise and system noise. Recently the research works on this CW bio-radar which can be used to detect heartbeat and respiration are advanced by the university and research facility. Although the researches describe CW bio-radar not only is vulnerable for the Gaussian noise but also has a disadvantage of decreasing the heart-rate accuracy due to the noise, the researches do not demonstrate the effective method for removing the noise component in a baseband signal. In this paper, a CW bio-radar applying the new adaptive noise canceller based on ALE which can remove the noise component is proposed. This paper compares and analyzes the performance for increasing the heart-rate accuracy according to removing the Gaussian noise and system noise in the baseband signal through the quadrature receiver which can alleviate the demodulation sensitivity to target position.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-97
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• 2016

This is the second of two papers on the 3D numerical modeling of nearshore hydro- and morphodynamics. In Part I, the focus was on surf and swash zone hydrodynamics in the cross-shore and longshore directions. Here, we consider nearshore processes with an emphasis on the effects of oceanic forcing and beach characteristics on sediment transport in the cross- and longshore directions, as well as on foreshore bathymetry changes. The Delft3D and XBeach models were used with four turbulence closures (viz., ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$, ${\kappa}-L$, ATM and H-LES) to solve the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow as well as the beach morphology. The sediment transport module simulates both bed load and suspended load transport of non-cohesive sediments. Twenty sets of numerical experiments combining nine control parameters under a range of bed characteristics and incident wave and tidal conditions were simulated. For each case, the general morphological response in shore-normal and shore-parallel directions was presented. Numerical results showed that the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ and H-LES closure models yield similar results that are in better agreement with existing morphodynamic observations than the results of the other turbulence models. The simulations showed that wave forcing drives a sediment circulation pattern that results in bar and berm formation. However, together with wave forcing, tides modulate the predicted nearshore sediment dynamics. The combination of tides and wave action has a notable effect on longshore suspended sediment transport fluxes, relative to wave action alone. The model's ability to predict sediment transport under propagation of obliquely incident wave conditions underscores its potential for understanding the evolution of beach morphology at field scale. For example, the results of the model confirmed that the wave characteristics have a considerable effect on the cumulative erosion/deposition, cross-shore distribution of longshore sediment transport and transport rate across and along the beach face. In addition, for the same type of oceanic forcing, the beach morphology exhibits different erosive characteristics depending on grain size (e.g., foreshore profile evolution is erosive or accretive on fine or coarse sand beaches, respectively). Decreasing wave height increases the proportion of onshore to offshore fluxes, almost reaching a neutral net balance. The sediment movement increases with wave height, which is the dominant factor controlling the beach face shape.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.187-192
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• 2007

Impact on cylindrical surface caused by plunging breaking waves is investigated experimentally. The breaking waves are generated in a wave flume by decreasing the wave maker frequencies linearly and focusing the generated wave components at one specific location. The breaking wave packets are based on constant wave steepness spectrum. Three inclination angles of cylinder are applied to examine the effect of contact angle between cylinder and front surface of breaking waves. Also, the effect of cylinder diameter on pressure distribution and its peak value is investigated by adopting three cylinders with different diameters. The longitudinal location of cylinder is slightly moved in eight different points to find out a probable maximum value of impact pressure. The pressures and total force on cylinder surface are measured by piezo-electric pressure sensors and 3-components load cell with 30kHz sampling rate. The variation of peak impact pressures and forces is analyzed in terms of cylinder diameter, inclination angle and location. Also, the pressure distribution on cylindrical surface is examined. The cylinder location and surface position are more important parameters that govern the magnitude and shape of peak pressures, while the cylinder diameter and inclined angle are relatively insignificant. In a certain conditions, the impact phenomenon becomes very unstable which results in a large variation of measured valves in repeated runs.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.50.1-50.9
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• 2023

Vaccine development is one of the key efforts to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it has become apparent that the immunity acquired through vaccination is not permanent, known as the waning effect. Therefore, monitoring the proportion of the population with immunity is essential to improve the forecasting of future waves of the pandemic. Despite this, the impact of the waning effect on forecasting accuracies has not been extensively studied. We proposed a method for the estimation of the effective immunity (EI) rate which represents the waning effect by integrating the second and booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines. The EI rate, with different periods to the onset of the waning effect, was incorporated into three statistical models and two machine learning models. Stringency Index, omicron variant BA.5 rate (BA.5 rate), booster shot rate (BSR), and the EI rate were used as covariates and the best covariate combination was selected using prediction error. Among the prediction results, Generalized Additive Model showed the best improvement (decreasing 86% test error) with the EI rate. Furthermore, we confirmed that South Korea's decision to recommend booster shots after 90 days is reasonable since the waning effect onsets 90 days after the last dose of vaccine which improves the prediction of confirmed cases and deaths. Substituting BSR with EI rate in statistical models not only results in better predictions but also makes it possible to forecast a potential wave and help the local community react proactively to a rapid increase in confirmed cases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 1982

The effects of $NaHCO_3$ on the electrocardiogram of rats were studied in the induced hyperkalemia. The subjects were divided into 4 groups: the group 1 was normal control and the data on this normal control had teen obtained from the following three groups before administration of KCl or $NaHCO_3$, the group 2 (KCl) was administered 40 ml per kg body weight of the 10 per cent KCl solution, the group 3 $(NaHCO_3)$ was administered 40 ml per kg body weight of the 10 per cent $NaHCO_3$ solution, and the group 4 $(KCl+NaHCO_3)$ was received 10 per cent KCl, which was followed by administration of 10 per cent $NaHCO_3$ at one and half hours later. In KCl, the heart rate was decreased rapidly, and then maintained its level, later rapid decreasing heart rate was followed by the cardiac stand still. The mean electrical axis of QRS complex became progressively deviated to the left. The amplitude of T wave was increased transiently but was not changed thereafter. There was prolongation of the P-Q interval and the Q-T interval at the beginning and then they were shortened. In $NaHCO_3$, the heart rate was decreased rapidly at the beginning, later showed a tendency of recovery. The mean electrical axis of QRS was not changed initially, but later became deviated to the left. The amplitude of T wave was not changed. There was prolongation of the P-Q interval and the Q-T interval at the beginning and then they were shortened. In $KCl+NaHCO_3$, there were a tendency of recovery of both the amplitude of the T wave and the electrical axis of the QRS complex after administration of $NaHCO_3$ but the heart rate was not recovered. There was prolonged P-Q interval, but the Q-T interval was relatively unchanged.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.28-41
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• 2023

Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic feasibility using pulse parameters as a way to establish safe dose guidelines for herbal prescription containing Ephedra herb (Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey) on weight loss, and to provide a foundation for developing evidence-based guidelines for clinical use. Methods: Forty-two volunteers were recruited to participate in a study examining the changes in pulse wave characteristics following the ingestion of Gambi-hwan, a herbal prescription containing ephedra, over a period of 4 weeks, and pulse wave measurements were taken before and after the administration. Pulse wave parameters were measured in this study using a 3-dimensional radial pulse tonometry device (DMP-Lifeplus). In addition, questionnaire, blood pressure, temperature, and body composition were also measured as secondary measures. Results: Fifteen minutes after administration of Gambi-hwan, the non-adverse event group (non-AE) exhibited a statistically significant increase in several power and pressure-related parameters, including h1, h5, systolic area, pulse area, and pulse width, while the AE group showed a trend of decreasing stroke volume and increasing Radial Augmentation Index (RAI), w, and w/t. After 4 weeks of administration, both groups exhibited significant changes in pulse rate, w/t, RAI, t3/t, stroke volume (SV), and stroke volume Index (SVI). Notably, there are significant differences between AE group and non-AE group in w/t, SV, and SVI. Conclusions: These findings suggest that pulse parameters may be a useful way to establish safe dosing guidelines for weight loss herbal prescription containing ephedra. Further research is needed to confirm these results and to develop evidence-based guidelines for clinical use.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2014

In this study, to find the characteristics of the oscillation of a terminating shock wave in a transonic airfoil flow with non-equilibrium condensation, a NACA00-12,14,15 airfoil flow with non-equilibrium condensation is investigated through numerical analysis of TVD scheme. Transonic free stream Mach number of 0.81-0.90 with the variation of stagnation relative humidity and airfoil thickness is tested. For the free stream Mach number 0.87 and attack angle of ${\alpha}=0^{\circ}$, the increase in stagnation relative humidity attenuates the strength of the terminating shock wave and inactivates the oscillation of the terminating shock wave. For the case of $M_{\infty}=0.87$ and ${\phi}_0=60%$, the decreasing rate in the frequency of the shock oscillation caused by non-equilibrium condensation to that of ${\phi}_0=30%$ amounts to 5%. Also, as the stagnation relative humidity gets larger, the maximum coefficient of drag and the difference between the maximum and minimum in $C_D$ become smaller. On the other hand, as the thickness of the airfoil gets larger, the supersonic bubble size becomes bigger and the oscillation of the shock wave becomes higher.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.67-73
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• 2010

In this paper, the effect of a finite substrate on the mutual coupling of a pair of microstrip patch antennas along the H -plane is investigated. The mutual coupling of a pair of microstrip patch antennas can be reduced using the interference effect due to the phase difference by a variety of routes of the surface wave. In the case of the substrate with $\varepsilon_r$=10 and thickness of 3.2 mm, the mutual coupling is reduced by 4.85 dB on the substrate size with the strong mutual coupling, while the mutual coupling is reduced by 34.28 dB on the substrate size with the weak mutual coupling when the distance between the antenna centers is varied from 0.5 $\lambda_0$ to 1.0 $\lambda_0$. In the case of optimization substrate size, the decreasing rate of the mutual coupling with the increase of the distance between the antenna centers is very large. Good agreements between the image method and full wave simulation results are obtained.