• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

Based on a survey of citizens and data analysis on the environmental status of the Miyun Reservoir watershed, China, the environmental awareness of citizens residing in the watershed and the impacting factors are discussed. The contingent valuation method was used to evaluate the willingness of villagers to pay (WTP) for abatement of the rural domestic pollution and to assess the intensity level of the villagers' desire for improving environmental conditions in the Miyun Reservoir watershed. It was found that rural watershed residents had a fundamental cognitive understanding of the pollution status and protection measures of the Miyun Reservoir. However, based on the survey, local residents had only a small interest in their participation to improve the environmental status of the reservoir, despite their general attitude to protect the reservoir being very positive. Gender and family income were closely associated with the overall attitudes of the population. Public media are the most preferable means for conveying knowledge of environmental protection to people living in the watershed. Increasing the educational level, along with income, are the best ways to enhance the desire of the villagers to improve the environmental quality and management.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.397-408
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• 2004

Due to the growing impact of non-point source pollution and limitation of water treatment technology, a new policy of water quality management, called a source protection, is now becoming more important in drinking water supply. The source protection means that the public agency purchases the pollution sensitive area, such as riparian zone, and prohibit locations of point and non-point sources. Many studies have reported that this new policy is more economical in drinking water supply than the conventional one. However, it is very difficult to determine location and size of the pollution sensitive zone in the watershed. In this paper, we presented the scientific criteria for the priority of the pollution sensitive zone, along with a case study of the upstream watershed of the Paldang Reservoir, Han River. This study includes applications of the analytical hierarchy process(AHP) and a watershed-based land prioritization(WLP) model. After major criteria affecting water quality were selected, the AHP and geographic analysis were performed. The WLP model allowed us to include both quantity and quality criteria, using AHP as the multi-criteria method in making decision and reflecting local characteristics and various needs. By adding a travel-time function, which represents the prototype effectively, the results secured adaptability and scientific objectivity as well. As such, the WLP model appeared to provide reasonable criteria in determining the prioritization of land acquisition. If the tested data are used with a validated travel-time and AHP method is applied after further discussion among experts in such field, highly reliable results can be obtained.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.359-367
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• 2003

The total pollution load management system of watershed has been implemented upon Special Law pertaining to the Han River Watershed Water Quality Improvement and Residents Support, Special Law pertaining to the Nakdong River Watershed Water Management and Residents Support, Special Law pertaining to the Youngsan River Watershed Water Management and Residents Support, and Special Law pertaining to the Seomjin River Watershed Water Management and Residents Support in Korea since 2002. But many other similar systems with total pollution load management system of watershed are being operated separately or independently, even though its purpose is nearly same with those of the total maximum pollutants load management in Law on Water Quality Environmental Protection, environmental impact assessment(EIA) in Law of Impact Assessment on Environment, Transportation and Disaster and Pre-environmental assessment of Environmental Policy Act. Therefore the contents of total pollution load management system of watershed and many other related systems could be overlapped and at some times have inconsistency among them. This study suggests first the integrated operation of total pollution load management system of watershed, EIA, pre-environmental assessment, urban planning, and sewage planning and secondly EIA system development by integration of EIA and pre-environmental assessment and strategic environmental assessment(SEA).

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.31-38
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• 2017

Big Cyprus watershed, which is located in the Southwestern Florida and covers Everglades National Park that has high proportions of endangered species' habitats, plays an important role for the entire Florida ecosystem. Due to the rapid urbanization and high population growth, however, the watershed has been continuously polluted and the current regional watershed plan is not created to accommodate the speed of growth. The purpose of this study is to suggest proper protection policies and strategies for the Big Cyprus watershed by employing the Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation tool in Geographic Information System. The findings show that conservation priorities should be given in the North and South portion of the watershed area, which are proven to be the most important aisle for the habitats in the Big Cyprus. The study concludes with policy suggestions that local environmental planners should concentrate for adopting their new watershed plan in the near future.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1188-1190
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• 2003

Taipei Watershed Management Bureau (WRATB) is a government agency entitled for water resources protection at two major watersheds in order to provide drinking water for about four millions population in Taipei on a sustainable basis. At WRATB, there are two major public sewage treatment facilities which can convert sewage in each watershed into an acceptable state before they were discharged into rivers. More than 82% of household wastewater have been collected and treated by the two public sewage systems. However, households at remote area still need more effective sewage management prescriptions. The objective of this paper is to implement geographic information systems in order to provide more effective approaches that sewage management can be easier and cost effective. ArcIMS was implemented for Internet browsing and map server of those sewage facilities on personal computers, laptop computers. In the open field, ArcPAD was implemented with personal digital assistant (PDA) such that compact flash type's global positioning systems (GPS) and digital camera can be utilized with PDA. All sewage facilities digital files were convert into ArcMap format files. MapObjects and visual BASIC were used to create sewage application modules to meet every single technician personal flavor. ASP.NET was implemented for Internet database manipulations of all sewage databases. Mobile GIS was the key component of GIS applications in the open field for sewage management on a basis of house by house. Houses at remote area, which can not cover by the two public sewage systems, were managed by PDA and laptop computers with GPS and digital camera. Sewage management at Taipei Watershed Management Bureau is easier both in the open field and in the office. Integration of GPS, GIS, and PDA makes sewage management in the open field much easier. ArcIMS, MapObjects, ASP.NET and visual BASIC make sewage management can be done in the office and over Internet.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.653-664
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• 2015

TPLMS (Total water pollutant load management system) that is the most powerful water-quality protection program have been implemented since 2004. In the implementation of TPLMS, target water-quality and permissible discharged load from each unit watershed can be decided by water-quality modeling. And NPS (Non-point sources) discharge coefficients associated with certain (standard) flow are used on estimation of input data for model. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) recommend NPS discharge coefficients as 0.15 (Q₂₇₅) and 0.50 (Q₁₈₅) in common for whole watershed in Korea. But, uniform coefficient is difficult to reflect various NPS characteristics of individual watershed. Monthly NPS discharge coefficients were predicted and estimated using surface flow and water-quality from HSPF watershed model in this study. Those coefficients were plotted in flow duration curve of study area (Palger stream and Geumho C watershed) with monthly average flow. Linear regression analysis was performed about NPS discharge coefficients of BOD, T-N and T-P associated with flow, and R² of regression were distributed in 0.893~0.930 (Palger stream) and 0.939~0.959 (Geumho C). NPS Discharge coefficient through regression can be estimated flexibly according to flow, and be considered characteristics of watershed with watershed model.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.61-74
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• 2007

A mathematical modeling program called Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was applied to Hwaseong watershed. It was run under BASINS (Better Assessment Science for Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources) program, and the model was validated using monitoring data of $2002{\sim}2005$. The model efficiency of runoff ranged from good to fair in comparison between simulated and observed data, while it was from very good to poor in the water quality parameters. But its reliability and performance were within the expectation considering complexity of the watershed and pollutant sources. The nonpoint source (NPS) loading for T-N and T-P during the monsoon rainy season (June to September) was about 80% of total NPS loading, and runoff volume was also in a similar range. However, NPS loading for BOD ($55{\sim}60%$) didn't depend on rainfall because BOD was mostly discharged from point source (more than 70%). And water quality was not necessarily high during the rainy season, and showed a decreasing trend with increasing water flow. BASINS/HSPF was applied to the Hwaseong watershed successfully without difficulty, and it was found that the model could be used conveniently to assess watershed characteristics and to estimate pollutant loading including point and nonpoint sources in watershed scale.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.589-599
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• 2016

Implemented since 2004, TPLC (Total Pollution Load Control) is the most powerful water-quality protection program. Recently, uncertainty of prediction using steady state model increased due to changing water environments, and necessity of a dynamic state model, especially the watershed model, gained importance. For application of watershed model on TPLC, it needs to be feasible to adjust the relationship (mass-balance) between discharged loads estimated by technical guidance, and arrived loads based on observed data at the watershed outlet. However, at HSPF, simulation is performed as a semi-distributed model (lumped model) in a sub-basin. Therefore, if the estimated discharged loads from individual pollution source is directly entered as the point source data into the RCHRES module (without delivery ratio), the pollutant load is not reduced properly until it reaches the outlet of the sub-basin. The hypothetic RCHRES generated using the HSPF BMP Reach Toolkit was applied to solve this problem (although this is not the original application of Reach Toolkit). It was observed that the impact of discharged load according to spatial distribution of pollution sources in a sub-basin, could be expressed by multi-segmentation of the hypothetical RCHRES. Thus, the discharged pollutant load could be adjusted easily by modification of the infiltration rate or characteristics of flow control devices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.72-81
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• 2001

This study is aimed to review the previous research accomplishments with analysis of problems and to suggest the counter plan for the watershed management and the ongoing research strategy. Phytoremediation provides a cost-effective techniques having a merit of low investment and maintenance cost. It could be one of the best techniques, which is an alternative plan to overcome economical situation and lack of experts in our country. In forest watershed affected by waste water and heavy metal pollutants should be controlled by vegetative remediation system, but the disposal techniques of harvested plant materials should be developed. Also, high degree areas of natural vegetation as a key model to recover the vegetation should be well conserved. It is important to restore forest continuity between upper stream and lower stream basin with the restoration of damaged in forest watershed. It is established to integrated protection system for land use and management plan and to natural environment evaluation methods affected by projects such as erosion control and developments in stream and forest. In addition, I suggest the continuous environmental monitoring system to treat the pollutions concerned.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.71-97
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• 2006

This paper explores the history of environmental movements and policymaking in the city of Austin, TX and addresses the most recent element of the city's environmental policy, the Smart Growth Initiative. Austin's intense growth over the last 35 years has increased a growing awareness of environmental impacts by humans. The Austin municipal government has tried to adopt environmental measures and various policy initiatives ranging from comprehensive plans to its latest Smart Growth Initiative. The long history of comprehensive planning and watershed protection ordinances indicate that while environmental issues have continually presented as priority issues, it has failed to integrate as a part of the municipal government. This shows that the efforts of political actors have not been sufficient to sustain progressive environmental regimes with environmental issues despite the initial motivation of the state.