• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2016

Purpose: According to the characteristic of hanok public building, Planning criterion of structure, technology, efficiency, design is needed which can includes various type of new-hanok type public buildings. In this paper, we collect expert opinions to be used as a basis for developing models of New-hanok type Public Buildings. Method: This study was conducted in Research Study and expert surveys. The Part of reviewing Study looked at conception of new-hanok type public buildings model development and overview planning criterion set briefly. Expert surveys were targeted to professors and architects who are related in new-hanok type public buildings model development research. Result: In this study, we suggest improvement direction about planning criterion of new-hanok type public buildings model development based on opinions collected by expert surveys. In conclusion, first, In concept and legal status, it is necessary to adjust clearly than the term and legal status of new-hanok type. Second, various applicability is needed by using new materials and new construction method at the part of planning elements. Third, 'composed structure-convergence type' and 'composed structure-juxtaposed type' should be clearly classified or combined at the part of Setting of type. Forth, improvement on heat insulation, soundproof, waterproof efficiency is demanded to roof, wall, window systems. Fifth, arranging revitalization plan is important.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.189-197
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• 2018

A sprayable waterproofing membrane which has relatively high adhesive property onto concrete enables faster construction with better waterproof performance compared with a conventional sheet membrane. However, the sprayable waterproofing membrane is a recently developed material and its performance and behavior with structures are not sufficiently reported. Therefore, in this study, the shear behavior of sprayable waterproofing membrane was numerically analyzed using the results of previous studies of composite shotcrete with sprayable waterproofing membrane. From the previous study, shear behavior of shotcrete with sprayable waterproofing membrane was different from shotcrete case and there was a limitation to express the behavior of the interface in general shear strength method. Therefore, in this study, the direct shear test was numerically simulated using two contact models, and then the best suitable method to express the shear behavior of the sprayable waterproofing membrane was suggested.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.123-134
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• 2009

Since 1970s, urethane waterproofing method is broadly used in rooftops, underground spaces, and sports stadium for its outstanding ultraviolet blockage, watertightness, and elasticity. However, development of slippage-resistance and endurance, improvement of function considering convenience and visually pleasing of users, urethane waterproofing method is necessary, since rooftops and underground spaces have slippage and external force risks. Therefore, many improved waterproofing methods are being developed and, recently, embo-thane waterproofing method, which applies embo-spray coating system, has been developed. This paper explains exposure, nonexposure, and floor-material of embo-thane waterproofing method, and then perform experimental study for comparison with urethane waterproofing method about tensile strength, coefficient of expansion, performance of bond, anti-abrasion, and slippage-resistance. In addition, the performance index was presented for the superiority of embo-thane waterproofing method compared to urethane by setting up evaluation criteria considering not only physical performance but also design side of embo-thane waterproofing method, and Value Analysis applying AHP. Also for an assessment considering uncertain result, Monte Carlo Simulation Method was used to operate reliability analysis through statistic approach method.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.83-94
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate effective expression method of performance information of functional clothing and preferred alternatives for the categorized consumer groups according to the perception about the functional outdoor jacket. 472 males and females in their 20s-60s' were surveyed and their answers were analysed and categorized by using SPSS 21.0 statistical program. For the study, four different expression methods for waterproof & breathable fabric, 'illustration only', 'illustration+Korean text', 'illustration+foreign text', and 'chart with Korean text', were presented and asked for finding correct answers. The analysis was done for three categorized consumer groups from the former study, 'unconversant/brand & design pursuing group', 'conversant/function pursuing group' and 'high price/high function preferring group'. The results showed that regardless of groups, 'picture only' was the most preferred method and 'graph' was the least. However, the percentage of correct answers for the 'graph' was the biggest, especially for 'conversant/function pursuing group'. It implied that the effective expression method should be differentiated depending on the target consumer groups. 'Conversant/function pursuing group' more agreed on the need for additional information, such as 'after-washed performance', than other two groups.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.43-53
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• 2013

In this study, an analysis about the causes of different types of excavation on accidents is required in order to prevent the frequently occurring accidents related to the earth retaining structure and excavation. Also, analysis of influence was performed by using numerical typical soil conditions and construction trend using numerical analysis method. According to the analysis results of 25 accident cases, the main influence factors were found as following: insufficient of soil survey, instability of temporary facility and lack of groundwater treatment, etc. Furthermore, in the numerical analysis result of 22 cases, drainage method was occurred larger settlement than waterproof method in the Inland. In case of applying the earth anchor method, it needs more detailed in the regions, which are discovered soft ground or rock discontinuities. Also, The consolidated clay absolutely needs further consideration of excess hydrostatic pressure.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.18-24
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• 2012

In this study, hybrid method using polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) which has a strong adhesion and flexibility in which acrylic copolymer chemical-reaction reacts with cement, and is eco-friendly, is to improve the watertightness. The hybrid method is applied applied primarily waterproof stuff comprising silicate system and secondary mortar mixed with PVAc on the concrete surface. And then, in order to evaluate the performance, the properties of bond strength and amount of water absorption were measured. Based on the above experiments, mock-up specimens for field application were fabricated, and then the properties were evaluated as laboratory experiments. As the results, specimens cast from hybrid method using PVAc showed the best results on watertightness and bond strength. And also, with respect to experiment of mock-up specimens, the properties were in agreement with laboratory results. Especially, it could know that PVAc has strengthening effect from the results of the compressive strength. Due to outstanding results of carbonation depth and resistance to chloride ion penetration, it may be applied in weak areas such as underground and marine structures.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2009

Outdoor iron artefacts are easily corroded by salts, especially $Cl^-$ion, from environmental pollutants and acid rain because of their location, so that they need conservational treatments such as stabilization. However the conservation of outdoor iron artefacts are limited to be consolidated for the present and there are a few the studies for the desalinization. The general desalinization method is that objects are immersed in reagent such as alkaline corrosion inhibiting solutions targeting on buried iron artefacts, thus they are not available for outdoor iron artefacts. In this study, concerning those difficulties, the different desalting method is experimented that materials soaked in alkaline solutions attach to objects and they are packed by waterproof to avoid evaporation. This paper experiment burial iron artefacts at first in order to fine out an adaptable method for outdoor iron artefacts. The soaking materials are Korean traditional paper, gauze, cotton wipers, spill pads and the desalting regent is NaOH 0.1M. Additionally the exiting desalinization method which is to immerse objects in solution is performed to compare. The analyses are microscopes, SEM-EDS, X-ray diffraction, pH meter and Ion chromatography. The result is that spill pads show the best desalting effect out of other materials similar to immersing desalting method.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.134-146
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• 1997

Consumers have recently preferred to purchase extensive UV intercepting products, which are waterproof and free from side effects on skin. Testing Cytoroxicity in SR method, cell survivial ratio of UV-B interceptors decreased above 0.08W/V%, and so did that of UV-A interceptors above 0.06W/V%. Also, Patch-test of inorganic UV interceptors resulted in no skin irritation even below 10.0 and 11.25. UV interceptors in the sunlight showed yellowish discoloration in 5 to 14 days. In absorption curves, UV-B was most suitable for Octyl methoxycinnamate and UV-A for Butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane. Fro this reason, Nylonpoly UVA/UVB the material of OMC and BMDM coated with Nylon & polyethylene, was used as the organic UV interceptor. And zinc oxide and titanium dioxide was used as inorganic UV ibterceptors. The appropriate mixture ratio of ZnO and TiO2 was 6 to 4.6% of ZnO, 4% of TiO2 and 5% of Nylonpoly UVA/UVB were all combined with our sunscreen cream. The SPF value of in-vivo applied to a guinea pig was 34.9 and that of in-vivo was 38.5. Cyclomerhicone and dimerthicone were used in water-in-Silicone system. Ceryl diverhicone and sorbitan sesquioleate were used as emulsifiers and MgSO4, 7H2O, Mg-stearate/Mg-Al-stearate copolymer as emulsification stabilizers. In practical application, each SPF duration of O/W type and W/S type containing sunscreen cream of the same content showed that W/S type of sunscreen cream was 5 times as durable as the other. This product is fit for using in swimming, climbing or skiing. This research is to minimize skin trouble used by UV interceptors and to make one with proper softness, skin safety and UV intercepting efficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.122-122
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• 2017

Recently, environmental problems have become an area of growing interests. In-situ monitoring of water quality is fundamental to most environmental applications. The accurate measurement of nitrate concentrations is fundamental to understanding biogeochemistry in aquatic ecosystems. Several studies have reported that one of the most feasible methods to measure nitrate concentration is the use of Ion Selective-electrodes (ISEs). The ISE application to water monitoring has several advantages, such as direct measurement methodology, high sensitivity, wide measurement range, low cost, and portability. However, the ISE methods may yield inconsistent results where there was a difference in temperature between the calibration and measurement solutions, which is associated with the temperature dependence of ionic activity coefficients in solution. In this study, to investigate the potential of using the combination of a temperature sensor and nitrate ISEs for minimizing the effect of temperature on real-time nitrate sensing in natural water, a prototype of on-site water monitoring system was built, mainly consisting of a sensor chamber, an array of 3 ISEs, an waterproof temperature sensor, an automatic sampling system, and an arduino MCU board. The analog signals of ISEs were obtained using the second-order Sallen-key filter for performing voltage following, differential amplification, and low pass filtering. The performance test of the developed water nitrate sensing system was conducted in a monitoring station of drinking water located in Jeongseon, Kangwon. A temperature compensation method based on two-point normalization was proposed, which incorporated the determination of temperature coefficient values using regression equations relating solution temperature and electrode signal determined in our previous studies.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.95-101
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aims to identify the effect of temperature reduction by the application of cool roof coatings to Changwon City Hall in South Gyeongsang Province. The indoor and outdoor temperatures of the cool roofing building were analyzed and compared to that of an existing building with green-colored roof coated with waterproof polyurethane. Method: The surface temperatures and reflectivity of rooftops, surface temperatures of ceilings and the interior, and outdoor temperature and humidity of the two aforementioned buildings were measured from June to September in 2014. The measurements were taken every 10 min. Result: The surface temperature of the building with the cool roof was lower by a maximum of $9^{\circ}C$ with the reflectivity of the rooftop at an average of 0.55, which is higher than that of the building with green polyurethane by approximately 0.3. The temperature of the ceiling inside the building with the cool roof was about $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the ordinary building. Also, the indoor temperature of the office with cool roof coatings was about $0.5{\sim}1.0^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the office with green-colored roofing building. The results show that cool roof coatings can lower the temperature of buildings. In the next research, the reduction in consumption of energy for air conditioning will be investigated by utilizing building energy simulation tools.