• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.615-628
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• 2013

The waterfall can be formed by difference between the height of up and down part in new channel, is formed by channel avulsion that rapidly changing of river channel course. This study described types and processes of waterfalls by channel avulsion, and analyzed rates and factors of waterfall recession, on object to 7 waterfalls in South Korea. Bulyeong falls at Uljin-gun, Yongchu falls at Yeongdeok-gun, Jikyeon falls at Yanggu-gun and Gwangpum falls at Uljin-gun are formed by natural incised meander cutoff. Samhyeongje falls at Taebaek-si and Guryong falls are formed by river capture processes, and Palbong falls at Chungju-si is formed by artificial channel cutting for farm land secured. The locations of waterfalls gradually moved to upstream over time by head erosion. The recession rates were measured by 3~4m/ka on Bulyeong falls, Yongchu falls, Jikyeon falls and Samhyeongje falls, to estimate of formation age. Recession rates of these 4 waterfalls were analyzed that have clearly positive correlations with drainage area, precipitation, corrosion and weathering capability of bedrock, and initial height of waterfall.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.85-96
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• 2014

A waterfall is a channel unit with steep bedrock. No strict criteria for height, water volume, gradient to define waterfalls exist in Korea. The goal of our study is to classify waterfalls based on morphological forms which are the outcomes of developmental processes. The genesis of waterfall depends upon erosional properties of waterfall. The height, gradient, bedrock strength and stream power of waterfalls are regarded as the main factors, by which waterfalls can be classified. We find out that the most important factor for the development of waterfalls is joint system. Development of joint system varies depending on bedrocks. Flow directions and erosional types are decided by the density and direction of joint system in the bedrock, which also decide the height and gradient of stream bed. Joint type decides the gradients of the bed, gradient and height of waterfalls, therefore, decides morphological forms.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.129-140
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• 2012

In order to examine geomorphic characteristics such as form and retreat process of waterfalls in Jeju Island, 26 waterfalls were classified based upon materials forming a fall face. The waterfalls could be categorized into three types such as single unit, multiple units and basal soft-rock based upon the number and type of a lava flow. A block fall, composed of a pile of large blocks, could be added to the typology of waterfalls in Jeju Island. While the single unit fall is distributed in a region of trachyte or trachyandecite, the multiple units fall and basal soft-rock fall are largely developed in a region of basalt or trachybasalt. A retreat process of the single unit fall is an inclination or a replacement, but the basal soft-rock fall shows a parallel retreat. The multiple units fall exhibits three types of a retreat process according to the physical properties of a lava flow. The fall face is generally vertical due to well-developed vertical joints of a lava flow.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 1990

The perception of landscape structure can he formed mode clearly, with including an auditory stimulus to a visual aspect. The waterfall, as an landscape element, will be considered of not only it's function and structure in landscape architecture designing but also harmony with environment which it has been situated, and contribution to the public goad. The purpose of this study was to establish more 7rational and practical design theory for the construction of waterfall. The number of subjects investigated were 47 of waterfall located in Mt. Palgong. In this study, the acoustic character of the waterfalls were investigated as an excellent effect to mask easily sensible noises. The correlations between the structure of waterfalls and water 1a17ing sound, which were useful for waterfall design and construction, were examined. It was discovered that the position of double distance of waterfall height From the waterfall is significant in the visual and acoustic perception of waterfall.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.34
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• pp.60-79
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• 2001

We can infer from collections of prose in Cho-sun period that the main period is from King Se-jong's reign to King Yoeng-jo's or between the 15th and the 17th century. The ideological background and the dignity of the rock garden is derived from Taoist hermitism and Nitze and Jeng-je's quietism. The representation of the rock garden as tri-god mountain comprising Bong-lai, Bang-jang and Young-ju is based on the tradition of making the tripartite rock garden in a pond practiced in the three north-eastern countries, Korea, China and Japan. And it's the representation of quietistic world of eternal life that had been sought by the taoism. Making a pond in which they plant lotus and made rock garden. they enjoyed watching immaculately pure lotus flower bloom even in the mud. It is compared to the confucians' seeking for virtue even in the profane or defiled world. Another motive of intellectuals to make rock gardens is their love of nature and its landscapes and their preference of recluse and temperate life to attaching to high public office, which was the tendency of the learned, established by the influence of taoist and quietist tradition. The essays portray the fountain water, ponds, waterfalls. the hilltops, the mountain pass over the ridge. winded lanes, valleys, caverns, and other architectural elements. The technic of building rock gardens includes those of harmonizing each elements of landscapes in the water, that of irrigation, building formation, and those of piling up the mountains and hills. With some comments on planting trees, grass and flowers. The original location of rock garden, esp. in case of taoist Chae-su's rock garden with waterfalls, is Ian-ri, Ian-myon in the city Sang-ju. Since no relics of rock gardens are to be found in any examples of Korea's traditional gardening, the study of rock gardening by analyzing the prose collections of Cho-sun period can be significant for the study of designing water space that has been considered the center of a garden space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.26-38
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• 2019

This study is based on the analysis of the characteristics of waterfront scenery. Recently, waterfront development has expanded residentially, commercially and into leisure space. In the development of the waterfront, it is necessary to apply designs suitable for urban and various other waterfront areas. In this study, the natural scenery of the waterfront was researched with respect to the Korean Jingyeong landscape paintings and the main elements of the scenery were analyzed. In this study, 105 painting of Korean Jingyeong landscapes paintings were selected for the analysis of the waterside scenery. The paintings of Jeong Seon were studied to categorize streams topographically into mountainous, upper, middle, lower, and ocean types. In addition, major micro-topography elements, which are 13 water image elements and 13 staffage elements were analyzed. The main waterfront landscape elements are divided into 13 types. The waterfalls were divided into long waterfalls, short waterfalls, cascading waterfalls, and other aspects considered were line stream, curve stream, multi-curve stream, pond, water surface, flow surface, wave surface, rock side, pile sandy side, sandy side. There are 13 kinds of staffage elements, include pine forest, pine trees, fir trees, bamboo trees, willow trees, broadleaf tree, villages, houses, gazebo, boat, bridges, and people. The waterfront landscape by a river area was explained according to each characteristic of the waterfront landscape and staffage, and their changes were analyzed in each area. The 105 paintings were divided into 35 pieces of mountainous streams, 9 upper streams, 5 middle streams, 35 lower streams, and 21 oceans, and the change of each waterfront landscape and staffage was analyzed. Based on the topographical analysis of the waterfront landscape and staffage, the results can be summarized into 5 types of the waterfront landscape. Based on the micro-topographical characteristics of the waterfront landscape styles are as follow. In the mountainous streams, long waterfall and deep forest type are apparent, which depicts deep mountain waterfall scenery, and a multi-stream forest is the scenery of a picnic in the mountains, which is a representative form of mountainous streams landscape. In the upper-middle stream, the water-surface and gazebo type is predominant. In the lower stream, the sandy-gazebo typ scenery is predominant and the sandy depiction is unique to lower stream landscape. Pile sandy-dock type is life scenes where human activity highlighted, is a representative form of the lower stream landscapes. The characteristic of the coastal landscape is the serpentine rock scenery on the beach and the wave-serpentine rock type that forms the main coastal landscape. The study aims to propose significant design elements for a natural waterfront landscape planning based on the analysis of landscape in the paintings of Jeong Seon.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1213-1222
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• 2016

Given the growing attention to nature and health in modern society, this study considered the role of a waterscape facility as a key element in a landscape's influence on users' physiological and psychological responses. The subjects were 28 university students, and the collected data included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, salivary amylase concentration, semantic differential (SD) scales, and profile of mood states (POMS). As compared to a space without any waterscape element (Type G), relaxation in a space with a waterscape element (Type W) was found to significantly reduce of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and salivary amylase concentration. The SD scale and POMS findings showed that Type W evoked active, bright, dynamic, free, vital, interesting, and cheerful images and improved mood states by enhancing vigor while inhibiting depressive feelings. These findings indicate waterscape facilities can improves users' mood states and may enhance their health.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.255-258
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to understand characteristics of stream and spring water and subsurface geologic structure in Seogwipo area. This study area is surrounded by various smaller parasitic volcanic cinder cones, tuff cones, strangely shaped basalt and trachyte rocks, beautiful waterfalls. The geologic structure in study area is classified into the Upper layer(volcanic rocks), Middle layer(SGF), Lower layer(UF), and Basement layer. The groundwater in Seogwipo area is classified into the Upper layer groundwater, Middle layer groundwater, Lower layer groundwater and Basement layer groundwater on the basis of the hydrostratigraphy structure.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.195-209
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• 2009

Juwangsan area($107.4km^2$) has been designated as the twelfth National Park in 1976, because it has magnificent aspect and seasonally spectacular landscapes. Juwang valley($9,177.5m^2$) has been designated as Noted Scenery No. 11 in 2003, because it has the same topographical landscape as rock domes, rock cliffs, caves, waterfalls and plunge pools. The most spectacular landscapes are exhibited in the densely welded zone of the Juwangsan Tuff. The rock cliffs generated from vertical joints in the densely welded zone, in which there are the same many rock cliffs as Geupsudae, Haksodae, Sinseondae, Mangwoldae, Giam and Byeongpungbawi, three caves such as Juwanggul, Mujanggul and Yeonhwagul in the cliff. The cliffs and caves are landscapes that were generated from vertical joints in the densely welded zone, and the rock domes and waterfalls are landscapes of erosional vertical joint planes in the zone. The vertical joints are columnar joints formed during cooling of the Juwangsan Tuff. Therefore the topographical features cause the cooling columnar joints that are vertically intersected in the densely welded zone of the Juwangsan Tuff.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.15-19
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• 2015

A fishway is a structure on or around artificial and natural barriers, such as dams, locks and waterfalls, to help fishes' natural migration. In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, termed SNUFOAM is used to analyze vertical hydraulic characteristic of rollway of fishway. Volume-of-fluid (VOF) method was used to handle free-surface. It is important to determine the factors influencing flow characteristics in fishway because fish use directional information from the flow characteristics to navigate through fishway. Fishway was modeled in 2-D and the influence of the stream velocity, slope, and weir height of fishway was tested. In results, the transition Reynolds number was $2{\times}10^5{\sim}3{\times}10^5$.