• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.747-752
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• 2004

Alginates were extracted from the Laminaria religiosa, Undaria pinnatifida, and Hizikia fusiforme by using four different extraction methods and compared the yields of alginate. Acid-alkali soluble alginate (AASA) extraction method from Undaria pinnatifida resulted in the best yield of alginate among the seaweeds. The optimal condition for extracting alginate from Laminaria religiosa was 0.4 N H$_2$SO$_4$ and 3% NaCO$_3$ concentrations at the AASA extraction method. The alginate yields of hot water extractable material (HWEM) water soluble alginate (WSA), alkali soluble alginate (ASA) and AASA in Hizikia fusiforme were 18.6, 4.7, 22.5 and 26.5%, respectively. The alginates manufactured by the WSA extraction method showed more bright color than those of the ASA and AASA extraction methods. The alginate prepared by the ASA extraction method from Hizikia fusiforme showed the higher viscosity than that of the ASA extraction method. The molecular weight of the alginate from Hizikia fusiforme was 33.3 kDa to 121.6 kDa depending on the extraction method.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 2006

For the purpose of developing a high quality agricultural microbial inoculant, methods and materials for improving encapsulation were investigated. Preparation of capsule was conducted by improving extrusion system with micro-nozzle and peristaltic pump. The sodium alginate was selected because of its cheapness, stability of cells, and gel formation ability. The yields, physical properties and gel formation abilities of extractable alginate from sea tangle were investigated by hot water extractable and alkali soluble methods. The extraction yields of hot water extractable alginate (HWEA) and alkali soluble alginate (ASA) from sea tangle were 8 and 20%, respectively. The HWEA was almost not viscous even in 1.5% of the sample solution, whereas the ASA was very highly viscous in above 3% sample solution. The gel formation ability of each samples varied from 1.5% to 5% and the ASA showed a good gel formation ability at 3% solution as commercial alginate (CA). The soil microbial inoculant, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Geotrichum candidum encapsulated sodium alginate with starch and zeolite for stabilizer. The survivability of encapsulated soil microbial inoculant using alginate without stabilizer appeared to be 66, 52, 70 and 50%, respectively. Inclusion of starch and zeolite with alginate bead increased viabilities in Bacillus sp. and Geotrichum candidum by 81-83% and 89%, respectively.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 2006

The behaviour of alginate immobilized and soluble watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) urease in water miscible organic solvents like, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol, methanol, and propanol is described. The organic solvents exhibited a concentration dependent inhibitory effect on both the immobilized and the soluble urease in the presence of urea. Pretreatment of soluble enzyme preparations with organic solvents in the absence of substrate for 10 min at $30^{\circ}C$ led to rapid loss in the activity, while similar pretreatment of immobilized urease with 50% (v/v) of ethanol, propanol, and acetonitrile was ineffective. Time-dependent inactivation of immobilized urease, both in the presence and in the absence of urea, revealed stability for longer duration of time even at very high concentration of organic solvents. The soluble enzyme, on the other hand, was rapidly inactivated even at fairly lower concentrations. The results suggest that the immobilization of watermelon urease in calcium alginate make it suitable for its application in organic media. The observations are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.774-778
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• 1999

Tee yields, physical properties and gel formation abilities or hot-water extractable material (HWEM) and water-soluble alginate (WSA) extracted from Laminaria japonica were estimated and compared with those of the alginate (ASA) extracted with alkali solution in the routine procedure. The contents of HWEM, WSA and ASA in Laminaria japonica were 8.3, 2.5 and $19.1\%$, respectively. The HWEM and WSA had no gel formation ability, whereas the ASA had a good gol formation ability. The HWEM and WSA were almost not viscous even in $1.5\%$ of the sample solution, whereas the ASA was very highly viscous in above $0.5\%$ of sample solution. The melting points of $1\%$ solution of HWEM, WSA and ASA sample were 31, 24 and $14^{\circ}C$, respectively. The solubility at melting point of each samples varied from 2.3 to 2.6 g/100 g water, and a few differences were observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.757-761
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• 2004

The alginate extracted from Hizikia fusiform by the acid alkali soluble alginate (AASA) extraction method was reacted with Na$_2$SO$_4$. The amount of sulfate absorbed in the 3% alginate solution was determined about 18,435 ppm by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Both alginate and S-alginate stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus in MRS broth and peptone water medium. The addition of S-alginate to the media showed the higher bacterial numbers than alginate supplement. There was no mutagenic activity of S-alginate in the Ames test using the Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. The S-alginate showed suppressive effect against 2-NF and MMS of mutagens.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.130-134
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• 1993

Radiostrontium is one of fallouts. It can be absorbed through intestine and causing radiation injury to bones. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of 10% chitosan (water soluble and insoluble) and 10% alginate (water soluble and insoluble) on radiostrontium adsorption. Water soluble and insoluble chitosans and alginates were given to 10 NIH male mice in each group for 7 days. At the 7th day, 74 MBq of $^{85}Sr$ were given through orogastric tube. Chitosans and alginates were given for additional 7 days. During the 7 days, radioactivities of feces were counted daily. Finally animals were sacrificed, and radioactivities of bones were counted. Fecal excretion was significantly higher in chitosan and alginate group as compared to control from the 1st day (p < 0.01). Water soluble chitosan group showed highest fecal excretion. Bony retention was significantly lower in the treated group than the control (p < 0.01). There was no difference among treated groups. In conclusion, both water soluble and insoluble chitosans and alginates were effective agents on lowering orally ingested radiostrontium ($^{85}Sr$).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.399-408
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• 1998

The effect of low molecular alginates feeding on the cholesterol levels and fatty acid compositions of rat serum and liver lipid were investigated. After one week basal diet feeding, four week old Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed with water soluble and acid $\cdot$alkali soluble alginate extracted from sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) and giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), and their low molecular alginates prepared by the HCl partial hydrolysis. The feeding efficiency of the alginate fed group was ranged in 0.37$\~$0.44, which was 0.03$\~$0.05 lower than that of the basal diet group. Also, there was much less increase of liver weight in the alginate fed group. The water soluble alginate showed more significant effect in reducing the total cholesterol, free cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid of serum and liver lipid than the acid$\cdot$alkali soluble alginate. The effect was much better with low molecular alginate (reducing effect by the low-molecularization : Water soluble alginate - serum lipid; total cholesterol $59\%$, free cholesterol $65\%$, LDL-cholesterol $96\%$, triglyceride $50\%$, and phospholipid $36\%$. liver lipid: total cholesterol $4\%$, free cholesterol $62\%$, LDL-cholesterol $44\%$, triglyceride $33\%$, and phospholipid $44\%$. acid$\cdot$alkali soluble alginate - serum lipid; total cholesterol $52\%$: free cholesterol $97\%$, LDL-cholesterol $78\%$ triglyceride $32\%$, and phospholipid $64\%$. liver lipid; total cholesterol $11\%$, free cholesterol $12\%$, LDL-cholesterol $10\%$, triglyceride $27\%$, and phospholipid $21\%$). The effect of low molecular alginate feeding on the fatty acid composition of serum and liver lipid reflects the remarkable increase of polyenoic acid, over $44\%$ in serum lipid and about $70\%$ in liver lipid, comparing to the cholesterol fed group. The overall results indicated that feeding of low molecular alginates improves physiological function of rats by changing the serum and liver lipid composition.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 1986

Earlier studies have shown that the administration of Na-alginate, a water-soluble, non absorbable acidic polysaccharide, effectively reduces the absorption of radioactive strontium, cadmium and other bivalent metals. In this study the effects of Na-alginate on the Toxicity induced by Lead and Cadmium were examined in rats and the following results were obtained. 1. The elevations of the activities of serum GOT, GPT by Pb and Cd administration in the experimental animals. However, the administration of Na-alginate significantly inhibited the elevation of serum GOT, GPT. 2. Generally serum TBA values were significantly elevated in Pb and Cd group in comparison with the control group. However, the administration of Na-alginate inhibited the elevation of serum TBA values. 3. The activity of Alkaline phosphatase was also significantly elevated in Cd group in comparison with the control group. However, the administration of Na-alginate significantly inhibited the elevation of serum alkaline phsphatase. 4. Furthermore, the activity of $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells was also significantly inhibited by Pb and this inhibition was stimulated by the administration of Na-alginate. 5. The concentrations of Pb in liver and Cd in kidney were markedly increased by Pb and Cd. However, the administration of Na-alginate significantly inhibited the elevation of them.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.296-303
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• 1993

Response surface methodology was employed to investigate the conditions for separating water-soluble proteins from egg yolk using sodium alginate, propylene glycol alginate (PGA), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and pectin which are approved as food additives. Effects of plysaccharide concentration and pH of the reaction system on protein and lipid contents in the supernatant were evaluated at respectively five and three levels of concentration and pH using rotatable hexagon design. Statistical analysis showed that pH of the system was a more important factor than polysaccharide concentration as it significantly affected all two responses. Separating conditions established by a graphical optimization technique were $0.23{\sim}0.25%$ of sodium alginate at $pH\;5.9{\sim}6.0$, $0.15{\sim}0.17%$ of PGA at $pH\;4.3{\sim}4.5$, $0.30{\sim}0.25%$ of CMC at pH 3.0, and $0.09{\sim}0.10%$ of pectin at $pH\;5.6{\sim}5.8%$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 1998

Partial hydrolyzing condition for low-molecularized alginate and rheological properties such as viscosity, solubility, emulsitying ability, oil absorption capacity, bile acids binding and metal ion binding of the low-molecularized alginates from the sea mustard ( Undaria pinnatifida) and giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) were investigated. Alginate from sea mustard was regularly hydrolyzed with the increase of HCl concentration in the range of 0.2 N to 0.5 N and with the prolonged reaction time at $100^{\circ}C$. The molecular weight of alginate was decreased to a part of 100 after hydrolysis for 50 min with 0.3 N HCl. The ratio of mannuronate to guluronate was increased with the acid hydrolysis and total yield was estimated to be $75\%\~80\%$. Low-molecularization of alginate was featured in the apparent decrease of viscosity, whereas solubility, emulsifying ability, and bile acids binding ability were increased with the low-molecularization. Oil absorption capacity of the acid$\cdot$alkali soluble alginate was slightly higher than that of the water soluble alginate. Metal ion binding capacity was the highest in acid$\cdot$alkali soluble alginate, and decreased with the low-molecularization.