• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.157-167
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• 2021

Korea needs to develop a rational system to separate stormwater utility fee from current sewerage fee. In this study, the scenario for calculating stormwater utility fee of Bupyeong-gu was suggested and the results were considered. For this purpose, the application of stormwater utility fee overseas and current domestic system were analyzed. A three step calculating scenario considering suitable domestic situation and impervious surface area was suggested. Water, sewerage usage, and hydrant data were collected. The total amount of water and sewerage fees for land use were calculated. The sewerage fee of Bupyeong-gu for the year 2014 was 21,685,446,578 won. Assuming that 40% of this amount was the cost associated to stormwater, the result showed that the fees for residential area in third step decreased by 0.77% compared to that of the first step. For commercial area, the stormwater utility fee decreased by 36.87%. For industrial area, although the consumption of water was similar to that of commercial area, the stormwater utility fee increased by 8.35%. For green area, the fee increased by 37.46%. This study demonstrated that the calculation of actual stormwater utility fee using impervious surface map and impervious Surface Ratio Estimation Methodology developed in previous studies is feasible.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.323-336
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• 2014

Using hedonic price method, this paper analyzes the impact of restriction for water quality protection on property value with the officially announced price of reference land in the city of Namyangju in 2012 to evaluate Water Use Fee, based on beneficiary pays principle, levied on the downstream area of the Han River in Korea. The results from the regression analyses of the models used show that the double-log model is the preferred model in the case of Namyangju. Using the double-log model, the total compensation for the city of Namyangju is estimated to be 8.6 trillion won with 95% confidence interval between 4.4 trillion and 12.4 trillion won. Under the perpetuity compensation scheme at the discount rate of 10%, the estimated annual compensation is 0.9 trillion won with 95% confidence interval between 0.4 trillion and 1.2 trillion won. This is more than Water Use Fee collected in 2012 for the Han River, which is approximately 0.5 trillion won. Considering the size of the restricted area of the Paldang area, which is more than 18 times of that of Namyangju, the rate of Water Use Fee, which is based on beneficiary pays principle and imposed on the residents of the downstream area, needs to be increased to sufficiently compensate the economic loss caused to the upstream areas of the Han River in Korea.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.83-120
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• 2021

This article analyzes the publicness of early modern cities and the character of samurai residences as urban dwellers through the water supply and use of the Edo period in Japan. Firstly, in Edo, a megacity with a population of about one million, the Shogunate organized samurai residences (mainly those of feudal lords, Daimyo) into geographical organizations, and samurai residences paid for the repair of water facility and the water fee, just the same as the townspeople. Next, in Fukui (provincial castle town), samurai residence (Daimyo's vassal) organization for waterway didn't exist. The samurai residences were relieved of the burden of maintaining the waterways due to poverty. And, before the later Edo period, samurai vassals were not punished for violating the rules on water use, but they were eventually included in the punishment. The gap in feudal status between samurai and townspeople narrowed. It was a process of creating a modern urban society composed of equal dwellers. Although Edo and Fukui belonged to the same category as castle towns, the urban publicness and the position of samurai residences were different due to their dissimilar political positions as the Shogunate capital city and the Daimyo's provincial castle town.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.287-287
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• 1996

Long-circulating liposomes have prompted interests in using them as a drug delivery system. This improvements in delivery has been thought to be the results from sustained action of liposomes in plasma without RES uptake. Although methotrexate(MTX) has been one of the most widely used antineoplastc drug, its use was limited by prompt RES uptake. The purpose of this study was to prepare long-circulating liposomes for MTX using highly water-soluble polymer (PEG-PE). In vitro, release of MTX from liposomes in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), rat liver homogenate, and rat plasma was investigated. The pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of fee drug, conventional and long-circulating liposomes were also compared with one another after intravenous administration to rats.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.767-785
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• 2009

This paper studies the effect of industrial waste water effluent charge reform. The goal of the present effluent charge system is to use environmental resources in an efficient way by charging the cost for removing emitted water pollutants. However, the present system is a type of regulation instead of providing economic incentives to the industry. That is, if a firm emits pollutants greater than the limit, it has to pay an amount greater than the cost of cleaning them taking into account the amount of waste water discharged, region, the number of violation and the level of density of pollutants. However, the excessive fees have resulted in the lowest ratio of revenue-to-effluent charge among all environmental charges. The paper estimates the effect of the change in effluent fee and revenue when the present effluent charge system is converted to one that offers economic incentives. The results show that the amount of waste water effluent charge is about four times larger than the estimated environmental cleaning cost. In addition, the results show that by modifying the effluent charge system, the ratio of revenue to effluent charge can be raised.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2010

This study was carried out to provide basic data for efficient park management by analysing visitors' satisfaction factors and estimated regression model through questionnaire survey method at Taeanhaean National Park in Korea. Performance(satisfaction) variables as 'touting', 'illegal merchant', 'noise', 'indiscreet use' and 'collection of natural plants or animals', and Importance variables as 'littering problem', 'water pollution act', 'careless cooking' and 'exorbitant pay' were relatively high score. It was clarified that the 'souvenir & special product', 'lack of use program' 'lack of public facility', 'lack of information facility', and 'lack of commercial facility' were 'concentrate here' ones by the Importance-Performance analysis. 'Facility management', 'Use management' and 'Resource management' factors were found out by Factor Analysis and the 'Facility management' was the biggest factor accounting for 32.6% of all. In the estimated model by Multiple Regression Analysis, 'lack of employee's guidance or kindness', 'lack of convenience facility', 'noise', 'lack of facilities to stay' and 'charge of user fee, parking fee' were the variables to impact visitors' satisfaction and to need concentrated management. These results were unique characteristics of marine national park and then the different management strategy and policy from mountain national park were necessary.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.268-268
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• 2015

하천법 제66조에서 지자체는 하천에서 생기는 수익금을 하천의 유지 보수에 관한 비용에 사용해야 한다고 규정하고 있고, 동법 시행령 제77조에서 하천 수익금은 하천의 유지 보수를 위해 우선적으로 사용해야 한다고 규정하고 있다. 하천 수익금은 법에서 규정한바와 같이 하천관리를 위해 사용되어야 하지만 건설교통부에서 제공한 2003년도 자료를 분석한 결과 하천과 관련된 용도로 사용된 하천수익금은 30%만 사용되고 있었다. 하천 수익금은 하천의 유지 보수에 우선순위로 사용해야 함에도 불구하고 현재 지자체의 하천 관리에 소요되는 비용을 구체적으로 파악하기 어려운 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 지역 내 물 관리 및 재정 관리를 구축하고 있는 네덜란드의 사례를 통하여 국내 하천 유지 보수를 위한 재정확보 도입 방안을 도출하였다. 네덜란드는 지역의 55%가 해수면 아래에 위치한 저지대 국가로 기후변화의 적응을 위해 각 지역별 물 기구는 물 관리를 위한 재정확보로서 독자적인 세금시스템을 구축해왔다. 본 연구는 먼저 네덜란드의 하천관리 측면의 물 기구의 정책방향, 중점추진과제 등의 여건을 살펴봄으로써 네덜란드의 물 관리 방향을 조사하였다. 이를 통해 (1)물 관리 업무에 쓰인 네덜란드 정부 지출 내용 (2)네덜란드 물 관리 기구 법제분석 (3)네덜란드 물 관리 주관 기관 및 재정 조달 방식을 구분할 수 있었다. 또한 국내 하천 수익금 징수 체계와 네덜란드 징수체계를 비교 분석하였다. 비교분석 결과 우리나라와 달리 네덜란드 물기구의 시스템은 중앙정부와 별도로 독립적인 세금시스템을 갖춰 독자적인 하천관리유지가 가능하였다. 이는 지역별 물 기구가 세금을 토대로 물 관리를 위한 금융기관을 설립함으로써 물 관리 재정문제를 해결하고 있기 때문이다. 이는 물 관리를 위한 재원 확보를 위해 네덜란드가 지자체 중심의 물관리가 정착되는 모범적인 사례를 보여주고 있다는 점을 파악할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 네덜란드의 사례를 통해 국내의 재정확보 방안을 위한 방향성을 도출하였다. 네덜란드의 사례는 물 관리의 확보를 위해 자체 금융기관을 설립하여 재원조달을 성공했다는 점에서 국내 하천의 관리 유지 재원조달에 관한 새로운 관점을 시사한다. 국내 하천의 관리유지 재원조달에 대한 논의가 지속되고 있으므로 네덜란드 사례는 향후 우리나라의 하천 관리유지를 위한 재원조달의 제도적 기반을 구축하기 위한 기초 조사로 활용되어 질 것으로 기대한다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4 s.117
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• pp.84-95
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• 2006

This study begins by examining the reason for the lack of urban planning that takes the water cycle into consideration. While there are institutions that support environmentally friendly development or smooth water circulation, these designs are not reflected in planning nor in the real world. After reviewing foreign case studies, policy suggestions and possible policy implications for Korea are derived. In Korea, there is not a sufficient level of relevant laws or institutions systematically established to make it possible to deal with rainwater in a decentralized way. Instead, facility standards or guidelines are considered separately for the control of water and for preventing natural disasters. And even though an environmentally friendly approach is stipulated in relevant laws in terms of spatial planning, there are no planning systems or implementation tools to actualize this kind of approach. The factors that make decentralized rainwater management possible in urban planning are analyzed based on the case study of Germany. Germany requires developers to plan in order to achieve ecological urban development. In addition, as a detailed implementation tool to promote conservation of the water cycle, the law provides for various kinds of measures such as restrictions on the proportion of impervious surface area according to the use of the land, required compensation measures for environmental degradation following development, introduction of a fee for rainwater runoff and the establishment of ecological landscape planning. The actual reason these measures can be implemented however is the provision of planning guidelines and design criteria for rainwater utilization, absorption and containment, and the construction of a database for various environmental information.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.4
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• pp.508-516
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• 2010

Hallasan National Park is facing dramatic increase of visitors since no entrance fee charge effected in January of 2007 and it has created a concern about appropriate use levels. The overall objective of this study is development of the carrying capacity indicators management program using indicator and standard based on visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) model. The result of delphi survey identified eight potential indicators of resource and experiential conditions, including quality of valley water, visitor counts, trail impacts, crowding etc. Also, Data were also gathered to help provide an empirical foundation for setting standards for these indicator variables. The carrying capacity indicators management program based on VERP model estimates sustainability of national park and analyze scientifically change about resources and visitor's behavior. Also, it systematically manage and use united data, it supports operation accomplishment respected rational decision.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2019

The shipbuilding and offshore plant industry of Korea is important and leads Korea's economic growth, designated as the 1st to 4th export items in Korea in terms of export contribution over the period from 2011 to 2015. This study proposes ways to improve the national competitiveness of Korean shipyards in the global offshore drilling market by reviewing a business model for providing an integrated offshore drilling commissioning service in Korea. This commissioning service model, which was attempted in 2014, was reviewed, and a new proposed business model for overcoming the limitations of the previous model and activating further business was evaluated. As a result of an economic evaluation, it was found that a 150-meter water depth model is economically more effective. As the number of integrated commissions increased from 2 to 5 times per year, NPV, IRR and B/C ratios increased and the fee per use decreased. Therefore, for offshore drilling facilities constructed and delivered in Korea, it will be necessary to encourage integrated offshore commissioning.