• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of microcapsule wall materials and mixing ratios on the characteristics of microcapsules containing squid liver oil Emulsion stability was increased as Na-caseinate levels lose. Changes in mixing ratios of Na-caseinate and cyclodextrin caused micioencapsulation efficiencies to rise, fall, and then rise again. The particle size aid moisture contort of microencapsulated powders were not affected by the mixing ratios of wall materials. As the cyclodextrin content rose, water uptake was increased. The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition was shown to be higher then 50% in all powders, and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid composition to saturated fatty acid composition was. 2.11 when the Na-caseinate and cyclodextrin mixing ratio was 4:6.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.751-758
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• 1998

Lipoxygenase-deficient soybeans, Jinpumkong (lipoxygenase-2, 3 lacking) and Jinpumkong 2 (lipoxygenase-1, 2, 3 lacking), were breeded for the improvement of beany flavor problem. The objectives of this study were to characterize and to examine the storage stability of two lipoxygenase-deficient soybeans by comparing with Hwangkeumkong having high lipoxygenase activity. The crude protein and crude lipid content of Jinpumkong 2 were lower than those of Hwkangkeumkong and Jimpumkong. All soybean samples were middle-sized and yellow-coated seeds. The rate of water uptake and trypsin inhibitor activity of Jinpumkong were greater than those of others. The cooking rate of Hwangkeumkong was the highest among all. The lipoxygenase activity of Hwangkeumkong was decreased when the soybeans were stored at $40^{\circ}C$ for 96hrs at 90% RH which is the condition of accelerated aging. After accelerated aging, the germination ratio of Hwangkeumkong was not changed but the ratio and speed of germination dropped rapidly in Jinpumkong and Jinpumkong 2.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

In order to understand the biological environmental characteristics with temporal variations of the physico-chemical factors in 2012 Yeosu Expo site of Korea, we investigated at one station, once per week, from April 2006 to December 2007. The surface water temperature ranged from 6.8 to $27.8^{\circ}C$ and the bottom water temperature ranged from 6.3 to 25.9 $25.9^{\circ}C$. The salinity varied from 12.8 to 33.0 psu in the surface water and from 25.2 to 33.6 psu in the bottom water. A strong halocline was observed between the surface and bottom layers in the summer when a rapid decrease of salinity coincided with heavy rainfall. The DIN concentration ranged from 1.36 to $82.7{\mu}M$ in the surface water and from 0.82 to $25.2{\mu}M$ in the bottom water. Phosphate concentration varied from 0.06 to $2.13{\mu}M$ in the surface water and from 0.07 to $1.38{\mu}M$ in the bottom water. Silicate was $1.68-52.0{\mu}M$ in the surface water and $1.37-30.7{\mu}M$ in the bottom water. The nutrient concentrations were generally high during heavy rainfalls and low water temperature periods, and considerably decreased in spring and autumn. The N/P ratio ranged from 4.43 to 325 in the surface water and from 3.8 to 321 in the bottom water. It increased rapidly during the heavy rainfall season and remained at a value of approximately 16 in other periods. The chlorophyll a concentration ranged from 0.46 to $65.0{\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ in the surface water and from 0.71 to $15.0{\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ in the bottom water. $Chl-{\alpha}$ concentration remained low in periods of low water temperature, however rapidly increased in periods of high water temperature. From the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA), we conclude that temporal variations of physico-chemical and biological factors were greatly affected by the influx of fresh water, and that nutrients were well controlled by their uptake and assimilation by phytoplankton. Also, during the low water temperature periods, environmental structure in this study site was affected by recycled nutrients through nutrient cycling and mineralization.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.334-339
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• 2003

To increase the utilization of citron, citron juice that is by-product of citron tea was spray dried and freeze dried. Cyclodextrin(CD) was used as wall material to stabilize during drying. The physiochemical properties of citron juice were as follows: water content of 82.3%, pH of 2.45, and there were little different in two kinds of drying or CD added in different ratio. Citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid and lactic acid were detected in all of the samples. Spray and freeze-drying increased markedly yellowness compared to that of citron juice. Heat stability was reduced by both of two kinds of drying, and CD 15% was more decreased than CD 10%. Water uptake by freeze-drying was somewhat higher than that of spray-drying. When sensory properties of original citron juice was compared with those of spray and freeze dried, freeze drying with 10% of cyclodextrin was evaluated as superior to citron juice or other drying conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.133-142
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• 2009

In order to understand the present environmental condition and future impingement of Changjiang(Yangtze River) outflow upon the adjacent seas after the scheduled completion of the Sanxia (Three Gorges) Dam in 2009, we tried to estimate the mixing ratios among surface waters of three end-members: Changjiang Water (CW), Kuroshio Water (KW), and East China Sea Water (ECSW) using $^{228}Ra/^{226}Ra$ activity ratio and salinity as tracers. Water samples were collected from 32 stations in November 2005 (R/V Tamgu 3), from 20 stations in July 2006 (R/V Ocean 2000) and from 17 stations in August 2006 (R/V Ieodo) in the northern part of the East China Sea. Radium isotopes in ~300 liters of surface seawater were extracted onboard by filtering through manganese impregnated acrylic fibers and following coprecipitation as $Ba(Ra)SO_4$. Activities of radium isotopes were determined by a high purity germanium detector. Results show that the fraction of CW was in the range of 1-23% in the study area, while KW was in the range of 0-30 % and ECSW 58-100 %. The eastward plume of Changjiang outflow, commonly observed in satellite images during summer and also displayed by the eastward-decreasing CW fraction in this study, could be attributed to Ekman transport caused by the SE monsoon prevailing in this region during summer. Results of this study showed that in the drought season, there was a little or no fraction of CW in the study area. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) showed strong positive relationship with the fraction of CW, suggesting Changjiang as the major source of nitrogen. The mixing curve of DIN indicates the removal of nitrate by biological uptake during the mixing of CW with ambient seawater in the study area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2003

Nutritional compositions of the raw materials, such as well-milled rice, milled upland glutinous rice, milled barley, glutinous millet, SoRiTae, red beans and mung beans were analysed, and cooking characteristics and sensory attributes of mixed cereals were measured. Crude protein and crude fat in SoRiTae were 31.6% and 16.16%, respectively, and the highest among the raw materials. Crude ash was 3~11 times higher and crude fiber was 5~7 times higher in legumes than in grains. Iron content in SoRiTae was the highest as 7.8 mg/100 g, and calcium content was the highest as 71.0 mg/100 g in SoRiTae and mung beans. Phosphorus content was higher in glutinous millet and mung beans, and potassium content was greatly higher in legumes than in grains and the highest as 934 mg/100 g in red beans. Vitamin B$_1$ and B$_2$ contents were higher in legumes than in grains, and niacin content was the highest as 5.51 mg/100 g in mung beans and was 3.77 mg/100 g in glutinous millet. Water uptake of the raw materials increased greatly after 5 min of soaking in water and then stayed at the almost same level. Water uptake was the highest in SoRiTae and decreased in the order of milled barley, milled upland glutinous rice, glutinous millet and well-milled rice. Hardness was the lowest as 142.8 g/cm$^2$ in cooked SoRiTae, and the highest as 206.3 g/cm$^2$ in cooked milled barley compared with 169.4 g/cm$^2$ in cooked well-milled rice. Cooking time increased and hardness of cooked mixed cereals decreased with the increase of water added. Moisture content decreased, while crude protein, crude ash and crude fiber increased as the increase of mixing ratio of SoRiTae and red beans in mixed cereals. Lightness decreased, while red and blue color increased, and hardness increased with the increase of mixing ratio of SoRiTae and red beans. Sensory evaluation showed greater preference in terms of color, roasted nutty, sweet taste and overall acceptance in the cooked mixed cereals with 8 and 10% of SoRiTae and red beans.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.384-390
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• 2003

Removal of phosphate from soil by leaching, runoff, and plant uptake is strongly influenced by the content and absorption characteristics of P in soil. In this study the relationships between water soluble phosphate and phosphate retention capacity of the soil was investigated. Water soluble and available phosphate, and phosphate absorption characteristics of 35 paddy soils were measured during incubation at $25^{\circ}C$. Water soluble phosphate content was highly correlated with available phosphate content, phosphorus absorption capacity (PAC), and phosphate absorbed (PS) in air-dried and wet soils. The most significant relationship was found between water soluble phosphate and the ratio of available phosphate and phosphate sorbed, and the relationship $0.01M\;CaCl_2-P=0.0828$ (Av. $P_2O_5/PS$)+0.0374 could be suggested for the estimation of water soluble phosphate from soil phosphorus characteristics.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.621-627
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• 2013

In order to apply eco-friendly poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) into barrier packaging materials, six different PPC/exfoliated graphite (EFG) nanocomposite films with different EFG were successfully prepared by a solution blending method. Their water sorption behavior was gravimetrically investigated as a function of the EFG content and interpreted with respect to their chemical structure and morphology. The water sorption isotherms were reasonably well fitted by Fickian diffusion model, regardless of morphological heterogeneities. With increasing the EFG content, the diffusion coefficient and water uptake decreased from $12.5{\times}10^{-10}cm^2sec^{-1}$ to $7.2{\times}10^{-10}cm^2sec^{-1}$ and from 8.9 wt% to 4.2 wt%, respectively, which indicates that the moisture resistance capacity of PPC was greatly enhanced by incorporating EFG into PPC. The enhanced water barrier property of the PPC/EFG nanocomposite films with the high aspect ratio EFG makes them potential candidates for versatile packaging applications. However, to maximize the performance of the nanocomposite films, further researches are required to increase the compatibility of EFG in the PPC matrix.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.554-566
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• 2018

The rice husk contains nutrients which can be easily utilized by microorganisms, and also has a water retaining ability, which played a crucial part in enabling it to become a biofilter media. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of rice husk pellet bio-scrubber as a microbiological carrier. The pelletization experiment of rice husk as a biological media was performed using PVA and EVA binder. Also, the feasibility tests of rice husk as a biological media for odor removal were carried out in order to know whether rice-husk contains useful components as a media for microbiological growth or not. Lastly, a combined test for odor gas absorption and biological oxidation was conducted using a lab scale bio-filter set-up packed with rice-husk pellets as wet-scrubber. The major components of the rice husk were carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, while carbon acted as the main ingredient which comprised up to 23.00%. The C : N : P ratio was calculated as 45 : 1 : 2. Oxygen uptake rate, yield and decay rate of the rice husk eluent was calculated to be $0.0049mgO_2/L/sec$, 0.24 mgSS/mgCOD and 0.004 respectively. The most stable form of rice husk pellets was produced when the weight of the rice husk, EVAc, PVAc, and distilled water was 10 : 2 : 0.2 : 10. The prepared rice husk pellets had an apparent density of 368 g/L and a porosity of 59.00% upon filling. Dry rice husks showed high adsorption capacity for ammonia gas but low adsorption capacity for hydrogen sulfide. The bio-filter odor removal column filled with rice husk pellets showed more than 99.50% removal efficiency for NH3 and H2S gas. Through the analysis of circulation water, the prime removal mechanism is assumed to be the dissolution by water, microbial nitrification, and sulfation. Finally, it was confirmed that the microorganisms could survive well on the rice husk pellets, which provided them a stable supply of nutrients for their activity in this long-term experiment. This adequate supply of nutrients from the rice husk enabled high removal efficiency by the microorganisms.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2019

Approximately 80% of the mines are vacated or abandoned mines and are mostly left without suitable environmental treatment facilities. In the area around the abandoned mine site, problems such as drainage of acidic city drainage and leakage of leachate occur, and ground subsidence caused by this can cause a safety accident due to sink hole occurrence. In this study, flow, compressive strength, water uptake, pore and hydration characteristics were investigated to investigate the basic properties of liner and cover material based on the replacement ratio of nano silica and silica fume in the existing blast - furnace slag fine powder. As a result, as the substitution ratio of nano silica and silica fume increased, the flow and compressive strength of nano silica specimens increased and the absorption rate decreased. In the case of pore characteristics, the amount of pores decreased as the substitution ratio of nano silica and silica fume increased. Especially, the capillary porosity of 10-1,000 nm diameter decreased. Ray diffraction analysis and SEM measurement showed that the peak positions of the hydration products were almost the same when compared with the 5% alternative test samples of Plain and silica fume.