• 제목/요약/키워드: water soluble ions

검색결과 136건 처리시간 0.021초

밀양·창원지역의 PM10 중 음이온 성분 및 금속성분의 화학적 특성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Chemical characteristics of Anion Components and Metallic Elements of PM10 in Miryang and Changwon)

  • 서정민;전보경;최금찬
    • 한국환경과학회지
    • /
    • 제13권12호
    • /
    • pp.1049-1058
    • /
    • 2004
  • PM10 concentration of total 48 samples collected from 4 sites (the root of Miryang University, Sangnam township Office in Miryang. the root of Changwon elementary school, and Junam reservoir in Changwon) turned out to range from 42.29 to 69.49{\mu}g/m^{3}$, and the average concentration was the root of Changwon elementary school $(69.49{\mu}g/m^{3})$>the root of Miryang university $(58.59{\mu}g/m^{3})$>Junam reservoir $(43.56{\mu}g/m^{3})$>Sangnam township Office $(42.29{\mu}g/m^{3}).> In particular, Junam reservoir, the Clean Area, had a slightly higher value than Sangnam township Office. It was thought although the site was plane and windy without pollutants around. it had a higher concentration value influenced by external factors including bigger population and a northeasterly wind due to a newly-established industrial complex nearby. As for water-soluble ions among PM10 particle collected in Miryang and Changwon area, SO42- accounted for $50{/%}$ and NO3-, was $35{\%}$, and the concentration order was S042->N03->Cl->F-. As for the average concentration of metallic components among PM10 particle collected in Miryang and Changwon area. the root of Changwon elementary school had the AI concentration, Fe concentration and Zn concentration 4 times, 3 times and 1.5 times that of Junam reservoir, respectively. The root of Miryang University had the AI concentration 2 times that of Sangnam township Office, and had Fe concentration and Zn concentration $1.2\~1.5$ times those of Sangnam township Office. When it comes to the relation between metallic elements and meteorological factors in Changwon area, the highest coefficient of correlation was between temperature and humidity with 0.92, and temperature and wind speed turned out in the reverse correlation. The coefficient of correlation between Al and Cr was as high as 0.78. Among metallic elements, the coefficient of correlation between Cu and Pb, Cd, Al were 0.84, 0.85, 0.79, respectively. It is thought that the high coefficient of correlation between Cu and Pb is ascribed to busy traffic and wind in the urban areas, Sammun-dong and Gagok-dong in Miryang. Meanwhile, the coefficients of correlation between Fe and Cu, Al, Zn, Cd, Pb were in the reverse correlation. These coefficients of correlation are attributed to the difference in pollutant sources, rather than difference in pollutant and non-pollutant.

옥천대(沃川帶) 우라늄광층(鑛層)의 구조규제(構造規制) 및 지구화학적(地球化學的) 특성연구(特性硏究) (Lithologic and Structural Controls and Geochemistry of Uranium Deposition in the Ogcheon Black-Slate Formation)

  • 이대성;윤석규;이종혁;김정택
    • 자원환경지질
    • /
    • 제19권spc호
    • /
    • pp.19-41
    • /
    • 1986
  • Structural, radioactive, petrological, petrochemical, mineralogical and stable isotopic study as well as the review of previous studies of the uranium-bearing slates in the Ogcheon sequence were carried out to examine the lithological and structural controls, and geochemical environment in the uranium deposition in the sequence. And the study was extended to the coal-bearing formation (Jangseong Series-Permian) to compare the geochemical and sedimentologic aspects of uranium chemistry between Ogcheon and Hambaegsan areas. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The uranium mineralization occurs in the carbonaceous black slates of the middle to lower Guryongsan formation and its equivalents in the Ogcheon sequence. In general, two or three uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds are found with about 1 to 1.5km stratigraphic interval and they extend from Chungju to Jinsan for 90km in distance, with intermittent igneous intrusions and structural Jisturbances. Average thickness of the beds ranges from 20 to 1,500m. 2. These carbonaceous slate beds were folded by a strong $F_1$-fold and were refolded by subsequent $F_1$-fold, nearly co-axial with the $F_1$, resulting in a repeated occurrence of similar slate. The carbonaceous beds were swelled in hing zones and were shrinked or thined out in limb by the these foldings. Minor faulting and brecciation of the carbonaceous beds were followed causing metamorphism of these beds and secondary migration and alteration of uranium minerals and their close associations. 3. Uranium-rich zones with high radioactive anomalies are found in Chungju, Deogpyong-Yongyuri, MiwonBoun, Daejeon-Geumsan areas in the range of 500~3,700 cps (corresponds to 0.017~0.087%U). These zones continue along strike of the beds for several tens to a few hundred meters but also discontinue with swelling and pinches at places that should be analogously developed toward underground in their vertical extentions. The drilling surveyings in those area, more than 120 holes, indicate that the depth-frequency to uranium rich bed ranging 40~160 meter is greater. 4. The features that higher radioactive anomalies occur particularly from the carbonaceous beds among the argillaceous lithologic units, are well demonstrated on the cross sections of the lithology and radioactive values of the major uranium deposits in the Ogcheon zone. However, one anomalous radioactive zone is found in a l:ornfels bed in Samgoe, near Daejeon city. This is interpreted as a thermal metamorphic effect by which original uranium contents in the underlying black slate were migrated into the hornfels bed. 5. Principal minerals of the uranium-bearing black slates are quartz, sericite, biotite and chlorite, and as to chemical composition of the black slates, $Al_2O_3$ contents appear to be much lower than the average values by its clarke suggesting that the Changri basin has rather proximal to its source area. 6. The uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds contain minor amounts of phosphorite minerals, pyrite, pyrrhotite and other sulfides but not contain iron oxides. Vanadium. Molybdenum, Barium, Nickel, Zirconium, Lead, Cromium and fixed Carbon, and some other heavy metals appear to be positive by correlative with uranium in their concentrations, suggesting a possibility of their genetic relationships. The estimated pH and Eh of the slate suggests an euxenic marine to organic-rich saline water environment during uranium was deposited in the middle part of Ogcheon zone. 7. The Carboniferous shale of Jangseong Series(Sadong Series) of Permian in Hambaegsan area having low radioactivity and in fluvial to beach deposits is entirely different in geochemical property and depositional environment from the middle part of Ogcheon zone, so-called "Pibanryong-Type Ogcheon Zone". 8. Synthesizing various data obtained by several aspects of research on uranium mineralization in the studied sequence, it is concluded that the processes of uranium deposition were incorporated with rich organic precipitation by which soluble uranyl ions, $U{_2}^{+{+}}$ were organochemically complexed and carried down to the pre-Ogcheon sea bottoms formed in transitional environment, from Red Sea type basin to Black Sea type basin. Decomposition of the organic matter under reducing conditions to hydrogen sulfide, which reduced the $UO{_2}^{+2}$ ions to the insoluble uranium dioxide($UO_2$), on the other side the heavy metals are precipitated as sulfides. 9. The EPMA study on the identification of uraninite and others and the genetic interpretation of uranium bearing slates by isotopic values of this work are given separately by Yun, S. in 1984.

  • PDF

토양중 Na+ 이온이 간척지 토주의 수리전도도와 용출수의 화학성 변화에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Na+ ion on Changes in Hydraulic Conductivity and Chemical Properties of Effluent of Reclaimed Sandy Soil Column)

  • 유진희;정덕영;양창휴;이상복;최원영;김시주
    • 한국토양비료학회지
    • /
    • 제42권6호
    • /
    • pp.454-459
    • /
    • 2009
  • 전북 부안군 소재 계화도간척지 시험포장에서 토양의 염류가 논토양의 투수성에 미치는 영향을 알고자 염농도가 높은 지점과 낮은 지점을 대상으로 시료를 채취하여 토양의 물리 화학성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 시험토양은 포화침출액 전기전도도($EC_{e}$)가 고염지 표토 $25.2dS\;m^{-1}$, 고염지 심토 $37.8dS\;m^{-1}$, 저염지 표토 $3.0dS\;m^{-1}$, 저염지 심토 $3.4dS\;m^{-1}$로 시험토양을 염류토양 분류기준에 의거 분류한 결과, 고염지 표토는 saline soil, 고염지 심토는 saline-sodic soil이었고 저염지 표토 및 심토는 일반 토양(normal soil)에 해당되었다. 토주실험 결과 저염지 표토의 포화수리전도도 (Ksat)는 $0.623cm\;hr^{-1}$이었으나, 고염지 표토에서는 용출수의 하향이동이 거의 일어나지 않았다. 고염지 표토를 토양 무게에 대하여 1:2의 비율로 증류수, 1N NH4OAc, 0.1eq L-1oxalic acid로 연이어 세척하여 수용성 및 치환성 이온을 부분 제거하고 컬럼에 충전하여 포화수리전도도를 측정한 결과, $K_{sat}$값은 세척전에 투수가 거의 일어나지 않았던 것에 비하여 크게 증가하여 $0.68cm\;hr^{-1}$을 나타내었다. 세척비율 1:3과 1:7에서 같은 방법으로 포화수리전도도를 측정한 결과 $K_{sat}$값은 각각 $0.71cm\;hr^{-1}$, $0.73cm\;hr^{-1}$을 나타내었고 토양에 대한 희석요인이 증가할수록 $K_{sat}$값은 더 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 고염지 표토 토양을 $1N\;NH_4OAc$로 1시간 진탕 세척하여 수용성 및 치환성 양이온의 대부분을 제거한 후 컬럼에 충전하여 포화수리전도도를 측정한 결과, $K_{sat}$값은 $0.23cm\;hr^{-1}$으로 크게 증가하였고, 수용성 및 치환성 양이온을 제거한 고염지 표토 토주의 하단에 NaCl용액을 농도별로 상향 포화시켜 처리한 후 포화수리전도도를 측정한 결과 $K_{sat}$값은 NaCl 처리 농도별로 $0.13{\sim}0.15cm\;hr^{-1}$을 나타내었으며 NaCl의 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 $K_{sat}$값은 더 낮아지는 경향을 보였다.

빙하코어의 전처리 방법 및 기초 프록시 분석법 확립 (Establishment of an Ice Core Processing Method and Analytical Procedures for Fundamental Proxies)

  • 전성준;홍상범;허순도;이정훈;강정호;황희진;정지웅;정혜진;한창희;홍성민
    • Ocean and Polar Research
    • /
    • 제36권1호
    • /
    • pp.13-24
    • /
    • 2014
  • 본 연구에서는 선진국형의 종합적인 빙하코어 연구를 수행하기 위해서 요구되는 빙하시료 전처리 방법 설정과 기초 프록시 분석 기술을 확립하였다. 빙하코어 시료는 2008년 6월에 국제공동으로 몽골 알타이 산맥의 참바가라브산에서 시추한 40.2 m 길이의 빙하코어를 활용하였다. 빙하코어의 기초 프록시인 시각적 층위구분과 ECM 측정은 1차 절삭한 빙하코어의 절단면에서 수행하였으며, 2차 절삭과정을 통해 물 안정동위원소 분석용 시료 1,935개와 화학적 프록시 분석을 위한 시료 374개를 확보하였다. 전체 빙하코어의 시각적 층위구분 결과 총 29개의 불용성 입자층이 관찰되었으며, ECM 측정으로 11개의 ECM 신호 피크를 찾아냈다. 극지연구소에서 제작한 용융장치를 활용하여 분석한 $SO_4{^{2-}}$$Cl^-$의 농도와 상부 0.7 m와 1.2 m 깊이의 ECM 신호 피크의 비교 결과는 이들 ECM 신호 피크가 러시아 캄차카반도의 Kliuchevskoi 화산 분출과 연관된 것을 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 극지연구소에서 자체 제작한 ECM 측정 시스템으로 분석한 ECM 자료의 신뢰성이 높다는 것을 나타낸다. 마지막으로 참바가라브 빙하코어의 상부 5 m에서 분석한 물 안정동위원소비의 변화는 뚜렷한 계절 주기성을 보이고 있고, 이 결과는 참바가라브 빙하코어의 화학적 프록시 기록이 후퇴적과정에 의해 크게 교란되지 않았다는 것을 지시한다. 본 연구에서 확립한 빙하시료 전처리 방법 설정과 기초 프록시 분석 기술은 앞으로 우리나라가 독자적으로 남북극 및 고산지역에서 시추하는 빙하코어에 적용하여 다양한 고기후 및 고환경 연구에 활용될 것이다.

강설이 겨울철 강수의 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향 (Snow Influence on the Chemical Characteristics of Winter Precipitation)

  • 강공언;김남송;오경재;신대윤;유두철;김상백
    • 대한환경공학회지
    • /
    • 제29권1호
    • /
    • pp.113-125
    • /
    • 2007
  • 강설과 강우에서의 이온성분 차이와 강설이 겨울철 강수의 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 전북 익산지역에서 1995년부터 2000년까지 강우와 강설의 포집이 가능한 매 $11\sim12$월과 $1\sim2$월 동안에 자동강수채취장치를 사용하여 강수를 포집한 후 pH와 전기전도도 그리고 수용성 이온성분의 농도를 측정하였다. 겨울철 강수의 평균 pH는 4.72이었으며, 강수의 침적형태에 따라서는 강설(5.05)보다 강우(4.67)에서 높은 산성도를 나타내었다. pH 5.0 이하의 저 pH 발생빈도는 강우의 경우 약 73%이었으며, 강설은 30%이었다. 이온성분의 경우 강설은 강우에 비해 해염에서 기원하고 있는 이온성분들의 농도가 높게 나타났는데, 특히 $Cl^-$, $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ 의 경우 3배 이상의 농도 차이를 나타내었다. 해염기원 성분을 제외할 경우 강우와 강설 모두 음이온에서는 $nss-SO_4^{2-}$$NO_3^-$가 그리고 양이온에서는 $NH_4^+$$nss-Ca^{2+}$가 주성분인 것으로 나타났다. 이중 $nss-SO_4^{2-}$는 강우에서 1.3배 높은 농도를 나타낸 반면, $nss-Ca^{2+}$$NO_3^-$의 경우 강설에서 각각 1.5배와 1.3배 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 겨울철 강수 중 $nSS-SO_4^{2-}/NO_3^-$의 당량농도비는 2.4이었는데 이것은 강수의 산성도에 대한 $H_2SO_4$의 기여율이 71%이고 그 나머지가 $HNO_3$에 의한 것임을 의미한다. 강우와 강설에서는 각각 2.7과 1.5를 나타내었는데 이것은 입자상의 $SO_4^{2-}$$NO_3^-$보다 가스상의 $HNO_3$가 강설에서 효율적으로 제거되기 때문으로 국외의 다른 실측 연구결과와도 일치하고 있으며, 대기에어로졸의 세정이론과도 잘 부합되는 것으로 나타났다. 익산지역의 겨울철 강우와 강설 모두 $nss-SO_4^{2-}$$NO_3^-$가 국내 외 비오염지역에 비해 고농도로 검출되었지만, 이에 대응하는 알칼리성의 $NH_4^+$, $nss-Ca^{2+}$, $nss-K^+$ 등이 존재함으로써 중화작용이 이 지역 강수의 중요한 특징으로 나타났다. 그러나 강우와 강설에서의 이온성분의 차이 그리고 산성원인물질에 대한 이들 알칼리성 물질의 중화능 차이에 의해 강우에 비해 강설의 산성도가 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 결과적으로 강설은 겨울철 강수의 산성도를 완화시키는 역할을 하는 것으로 파악되었다.

광주 지역에서 2015년 10월에 발생한 PM2.5 고농도 사례 특성 분석 (Investigation on Characteristics of High PM2.5 Pollution Occurred during October 2015 in Gwangju)

  • 유근혜;박승식;정선아;조미라;임용재;신혜정;이상보;김영성
    • 한국대기환경학회지
    • /
    • 제34권4호
    • /
    • pp.567-587
    • /
    • 2018
  • A severe haze event occurred in October 2015 in Gwangju, Korea. In this study, the driving chemical species and the formation mechanisms of $PM_{2.5}$ pollution were investigated to better understand the haze event. Hourly concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$, organic and elemental carbon, water-soluble ions, and elemental constituents were measured at the air quality intensive monitoring station in Gwangju. The haze event occurred was attributed to a significant contribution (72.3%) of secondary inorganic species concentration to the $PM_{2.5}$, along with the contribution of organic aerosols that were strongly attributed to traffic emissions over the study site. MODIS images, weather charts, and air mass backward trajectories supported the significant impact of long-range transportation (LTP) of aerosol particles from northeastern China on haze formation over Gwangju in October 2015. The driving factor for the haze formation was stagnant atmospheric flows around the Korean peninsula, and high relative humidity (RH) promoted the haze formation at the site. Under the high RH conditions, $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ were mainly produced through the heterogenous aqueous-phase reactions of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$, respectively. Moreover, hourly $O_3$ concentration during the study period was highly elevated, with hourly peaks ranging from 79 to 95ppb, suggesting that photochemical reaction was a possible formation process of secondary aerosols. Over the $PM_{2.5}$ pollution, behavior and formation of secondary ionic species varied with the difference in the impact of LTP. Prior to October 19 when the influence of LTP was low, increasing rate in $NO_3{^-}$ was greater than that in $NO_2$, but both $SO_2$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ had similar increasing rates. While, after October 20 when the impact of haze by LTP was significant, $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations increased significantly more than their gaseous precursors, but with greater increasing rate of $NO_3{^-}$. These results suggest the enhanced secondary transformation of $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ during the haze event. Overall, the result from the study suggests that control of anthropogenic combustion sources including vehicle emissions is needed to reduce the high levels of nitrogen oxide and $NO_3{^-}$ and the high $PM_{2.5}$ pollution occurred over fall season in Gwangju.