• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1991

The fishing vessels operation is a kind of maritime profit-making activities, which are complicatedly integrated by the basic and supplemental fishing activities with navigation. The Fishing Vessels Act of Korea defines the character of fishing vessels and gives a legal status to them, and this Act itself is linked with the allied public laws including the Ships Act of Korea. For this reason, the legal status of fishing vessels as Korean flagged ships by the public law is analogous to the general commercial vessels. And the specific character of ownership of the fishing vessels by the Korean Maritime-Commercial Act as a privated law is analogous to the general commercial vessels, nevertheless the Chapter 4(Carriage of goods) and the Chapter 5(General average) of this Act do not apply to the fishing vessels except the fish carriers. A fishing vessel possesses the legal status as a Korean flagged ship by having it registered and putting it on record under the provision of national law, however the principle of genuine link is an important factor for acquisition of nationality. Especially, the basic rules by the Law of the Sea those are attended with the distant-water fishing vessels operation at the overseas fishing ground are summarized as follows ; Firstly, the rights of navigation and fishing activities on the high seas are fundamentally recognized to all states, but the freedom is restricted according to the international legal order aiming at protection of reasonable interests of other states and conservation of the living resources and marine environment. Secondly, in the EEZ or EFZ the freedom of navigation is recognized, but fishing activities are exclusively ruled by the national law of the coastal state. Thirdly, foreign fishing activities are prohibited but the right of innocent passage is recognized in the territorial sea, while both activities are prohibited in the internal waters of the coastal state.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-48
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• 1993

International concern over the environmental pollution is ever increasing, and diversified countermeasures must be devised in Korea also. Global trend, damages, problems and countermeasures with respect to issues mentioned in the Rio Declaration, such as prevention of ozone layer destruction, reduction of migratory atmospheric pollution between neighboring countries, and prevention of global greenhouse effect, were discussed in this report. Conclusion of the report is summarized as follows : A. Measurement, Planning and Monitoring (1) Development and implementation of a global network for measurement and monitoring from the global aspects such factors as related to acid rain(Pioneer substances, pH, sulfate, nitrate), effect of global temperature(Air temperature, $CO_2$, $CH_4$, CFC, $N_2O$) and destruction of ozone layer($CFC_S$). (2) Establishment of network system via satellite monitoring movement of regional air mass, damage on the ozone layer and ground temperature distribution. B. Elucidation of Present State (1) Improvement and development of devices for carbon circulation capable of accurately forecasting input and output of carbon. (2) Developmental research on chemical reactions of greenhouse gas in the air. (3) Improvement and development of global circulation model(GCM) C. Impact Assessment Impact assessment on ecosystem, human body, agriculture, floodgate, land use, coastal ecology, industries, etc. D. Preventive Measures and Technology Development (1) Development and consumption of new energy (2) Development of new technology for removal of pioneer substances (3) Development of substitute matter for $CFC_S$ (4) Improvement of agriculture and forestry means to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (5) Improvement of housing to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (6) Development of new technology for probing underground water (7) Preservation of forest (8) Biomass 5. Policy Development (1) Development of strategy model (2) Development of long term forecast model (3) Development of penalty charge effect and expense evaluation methods (4) Feasibility study on regulations By establishing the above mentioned measures for environmentally sound and sustainable development to establish the right to live for humankind and to preserve the one and only earth.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.207-211
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• 2003

This investigation aimed to determine the relative merit of osseointegration in immediate and delayed implantation in the dog mandible using radiography and bone scintigraphy. five adult mongrel dogs with a mean weight of 8.5 kg were used in this investigation. During the entire study period. all dogs were fed with a soft commercial diet and water ad libitum to minimize functional loading of the implant. Twenty titanium alloy systems 4 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length blasted with calcium phosphate were prepared for insertion. The second and third left mandibular premolars in each dog were extracted for the delayed implant insertion. Twelve weeks later, the second and third right mandibular premolars were extracted for the immediate implant insertion. Before the delayed and immediate implantation procedures and 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the insertions, radiography and bone scintigraphy were conducted. Bone scans were obtained using a large field of view gamma camera equipped with a collimator about 3 hours after intravenous injection of Tc-99m-MDP to the dogs. All the dogs were evaluated weekly for inflammation, necrosis, and other of the bone or sort tissue. Significant macroscopic lesions were not detected. Radioisotope scintigraphy with Tc-99m-MDP hat proved to be a reliable method for measuring increased bone activity at specific skeleton tissue sites. In conclusion, osseointegration in peri-implant bone did not differ significantly between the immediate and delayed implant procedures during the experimental period. The immediate implant may be an alternative treatment of implant insertion in animals.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.218-225
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted in Suwon and Iksan city from 2012 to 2014 to evaluate soil erosion and nutrient loss from irrigated paddy fields during cropping period. Rainfall amount and rainfall erosivity of $EI_{30}$ were, on average, 1,026 mm and $3,922mm\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}hr^{-1}$ for the cropping period, respectively, and the rainfall event with maximum $EI_{30}$ occurred in July. Annual average of runoff was $2,508MT\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in Suwon and $3,375MT\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in Iksan, accounting for 36% of rainfall of the cropping period. Nutrient loss by runoff, on average, was $7.0kg\;N\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, $1.3kg\;P\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, and $16.6kg\;K\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$; N, P, and K loss were 5.0, 0.6, and $8.3kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively, in Suwon and 8.9, 1.9, and $16.7kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in Iksan. Soil loss in Korean paddy rice was evaluated as $0.33MT\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ ranging from $0.05MT\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ to $0.88MT\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Amount of soil loss, however, depended on areas and year influenced by variation of rainfall amount and intensity. Interestingly, soil erosion in Iksan in 2012 was remarkably greater than those in other periods due to heavy rainfall between late May and June with soil flake dispersion right after the rice-planting season.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.114-133
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• 2003

Objective : The meridian theory in oriental medicine explains that Sp9(Yinlingquan) has been considered very important for gynecological disorders, spleen and stomach disorders, and water metabolic disorders. Functional MRI is the best method of showing the evidences of the effect of the Electro-acupuncture treatment through scientific methods. On this supposition, Electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan) was carried out on six healthy volunteers, using the gradient echo sequence with the 3.0T whole-body MRI system(ISOL). Methods : Electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan), the experiment was carried out on six healthy volunteers, using the gradient echo sequence with the 3.0T whole-body MRI system(ISOL). After the needle insertion on right Sp9(Yinlingquan), 2Hz of electric stimulation was given for 30 seconds, repeated five times, with 30 seconds' intervals. The Image analysis including motion correction, talairach transformation, and smoothing was done using SPM99. Results : The electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan) activates Brodmann Area 13, 19, 22, 39, 40, 47 which may be the central pathways of the electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan). We also hypothesize that those brain areas may be directly or indirectly related with the mechanism of the effect of electro-acupuncture stimulation on Sp9(Yinlingquan).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.199-205
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• 2006

Objectives : The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic effects of automatically controlled heating acupuncture(ACHA) using 2 different pain models(acute pain and neuropathic pain) and 2 different stimulation conditions (heating $41.5^{\cdot}C$ and heating $44.5^{\cdot}C$) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : Tail flick latency(TFL) to a noxious radiant heat stimulus in lightly anesthetized rats was measured before and after ACHA stimulation for 5-min at the Zusanli(ST36) acupoint. For the neuropathic surgery, the right superior caudal trunk was resected at the level between S1 and S2 spinal nerves innervating the tail. Two weeks after the nerve injury, ACHA stimulation($41.5^{\cdot}C$ or $44.5^{\cdot}C$) was delivered to Zusanli(ST36) for 5 min. The behavioral signs of warm allodynia were evaluated by the tail immersion test (i.e. immersing the tail in warm $water(40^{\cdot}C)$ and measuring the latency to an abrupt tail movement) before and after the ACHA stimulation. Results : In the TFL test, ACHA stimulations under both the conditions above produced more potent analgesic effects than plain acupuncture(PA, acupuncture needle insertion only) and control(no treatment). In the tail immersion test, ACHA stimulations under all of the conditions had markedly relieved the warm allodynia signs. Conclusion : Automatically controlled heating acupul1cture produced analgesic effecs in acute and neuropathic pains.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.559-568
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• 2004

Diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon is primarily based on clinical symptoms. Cold stress test(CST) done by DITI(Digital Infrared Thermographic Image) can be helpful for objective diagnosis. The cold stress test was performed three times by DITI; the first after 15 minutes of rest, the second right after one minute of soaking in $20^{\circ}C$ water, the third ten minutes after immersion. For a clear diagnosis, the temperature of the finger tips must be low, or the thermal difference between the metacarpophalangeal joints and the fingertips must be large. Also the evaluation of treatment depends on decrease of thermal gradient between the metacarpophalangeal joints and the finger tips after CST. In oriental medicine Raynaud's phenomenon can be categorized by coldness of the limbs or numbness. Numbness was diagnosed as depression of Ki and Chiljehyangbuhwan(Qizhixiangfuwan) was prescribed. Positive results were observed, not only in follow up CST, but also Visual Analogue Scale after treatment.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2017

Age and growth of Brown croaker Miichthys miiuy were estimated using right sagittal otoliths of 327 fish specimens from August 2015 to July 2016 in Korea. Annual rings in otoliths were formed from March to June once a year. The oldest specimens were 11 yr in female and 9 yr in male. Brown croaker began spawning in September and showed a peak in October. Total length and body weight relationships showed no significant difference between females and males (P>0.05), and can be expressed as $BW=1.15{\times}10^{-5}{\times}TL^{2928}$ ($R^2=0.98$). Estimated von Bertalanffy growth curve was $L_t=182.4(1-e^{-0.067(t+1.754)})$ ($R^2=0.96$).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 1985

In order to improve dyeing and finishing technology of thin cloth of microfiber(super-fine fiber), the degrees of deep dyeing method, the light fastness, and the washing fastness were investiagted. 1. The thin cloth made of microfiber, $0.15^d\~0.2^d$, was conjugated type and the dyeing degree was lower at 5 to $10\%$ than that of cloth made of common fiber. The cloth of excellent dyeing fastness, light fastness, was developed by increasing the concentration of dye of high quality up to $5\~10\%$. 2. Because refractory rate of microfiber of $0.2^d$ was lower than that of $0.01^d$, the surface refractory rate of $0.2^d$ was lower than that of $0.01^d$ fiber. Therefore the surface of micro-fiber, $0.2^d$, was more rougher than that of $0.01^d$ and it belongs to separate type. 3. The higher degree of dyeing was increased by using dye of microparticle. Also the degree of textile printing was increased by adding urea solution ($20\%$) and glycerine diethylene glycol. 4. Light fastness was very excellent, marked 5 grade. However, washing fastness was 2$\~$3 grade. After dyeing, we could improve to 4 grade, through hot water washing including some organic chlorine solvent. 5. Super microfiber of $0.01^d$ will not be dyed by present dye and dyeing equipment, because right reflection light rate(white light) of fiber surface was too high and the more refraction rate higher the more surface refraction rate will be increased.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.156-161
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• 2000

The unripe fruit of Poncirus trifoliata Raf has been used for the treatment of allergic disease. Recently it was reported that the fruit inhibits passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and histamine release at mast cell. Type I immediate hypersensitivity of anaphylactic type is caused by released mediate chemical at mast cell. Histamine is also known as one of potent mediate chemical. Also release of mediate chemical is affected by specific stimulation of IgE combined with mast cell. Activation of mast cell is known to be stimulated by compound 48/80 and inhibited by increase of cAMP. In this experiment, the effect of water extract of Poncirus trifoliata Raf fruit (PT) on a histamine release, cAMP concentration and IgE production was measured. Compound 48/80 was administrated to the mouse peritoneal cell which was pretreated with PT. PT dosedependently inhibited histamine release at peritoneal mast cell and the serum level of histamine induced by compound 48/80. PT also instantly increased cAMP level of peritoneal mast cell right after it was added and the level gradually decreased. Production of IgE induced by antigens at mouse peritoneal cell was inhibited by PT. The IgE synthesis is induced by IL-4 and it is known that lipopolysaccharide(LPS) plus IL-4 cause an increase in IgE secretion by murine B cells. The effects of PT inhibited the production of IgE activated by LPS plus IL-4 at human U266B1 cells. These results indicate that PT has antiallergic activity by Inhibition of IgE production from B cells and histamine release by increase of cAMP.