• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.611-619
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• 2017

This paper intends to develop unit water production cost (UWPC) between alternative water resources including desalination, freshwater reservoirs, single-purpose dams, underground dams, and two indirect water in-take technologies - riverbank filtration and aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). The UWPCs of water supply schemes including each alternative are determined based on project cost, and operation and maintenance estimation models, which were developed based on real project cost data. The sensitivity analysis of UWPCs reveals that ASR is the lowest cost option in producing drinkable water among the alternatives, followed by riverbank filtration and underground dam. It is expected that economics related to the finding plays a critical role in supporting water resources planning and budget allocation for central and local water authority in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.669-677
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• 2018

Torrential rain and drought are repeated due to the increase in the unpredictable fluctuating of rainfall patterns. It is time for stabilize water resource management in terms of disaster prevention. Distributed control from sources is needed to minimize damages caused by torrential rains and droughts. Rain barrel can be used to reduce the runoff as they collect and store rainwater. In response to this situation, Seoul Metropolitan Government and other local governments implemented a project to support the installation of rain barrel and provided 90% of the cost of installing it in private areas. However, with limited budget, it is difficult to distribute rainwater to the city which is mostly covered by private areas. In this study, Samho-dong, Ulsan, where pilot projects of water cycle leading city are underway, analyzed the effects of reducing the runoff with respect to the amount of rainwater that can be used, and analyzed the economics of recoverable investment cost when installed. From the analysis, it was established that it is possible to show sufficient efficiency with a small capacity without the need to install large rain barrel effectively in the private sector, and to support the installation cost of less than 70 percent of the rainwater can be recovered.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.98-111
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• 2015

Urban environmental problems such as flooding, depletion of ground water, pollution of urban streams and the heat island effect caused by urban development and climate change can be mitigated by the improvement of the urban water cycle. For the effective planning of water cycle management it is necessary to establish aerial Hydrotope Maps, with which we can estimate the status and change of the water allowance for any site. The structure of the German water balance model BAGLUVA, which is based on soil and vegetation, was analyzed and the input data and boundary condition of the model was compared with Korean data and research results. The BAGLUVA Model consists of 5 Input categories (climate, land use, topography, soil hydrology and irrigation). The structure and interconnection of these categories are analyzed and new concepts and implementation methods of topographic factor, maximum evapotranspiration ratio, effective rooting depth and Bagrov n parameter was compared and analyzed. The relation of real evapotranspiration ($ET_a$)-maximum evapotranspiration ($ET_{max}$) - precipitation (P) was via Bagrov n factor represented. The aerial and land use oriented Hydrotope Map can help us to investigate the water balance of small catchment areas and to set goals for volume of rainwater management and LID facilities effectively in the city. Further, this map is a useful tool for implementing water resource management within landscape and urban planning.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.178-182
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• 2005

In the forthcoming 21C, the development of cultural lives depends on that the water demand will increase or not. On the opposite site of that circumstance, many factors of the small watersheds will influence directly on how to cover the surface of watersheds with land use, no planning developing watersheds, and the rearrangement of small rivers. Especially as the extraordinary climatic Phenomena, exhaust of $CO_2$ and destruction of 03 layer, water resource and water foresting content of the small watersheds will be decreased by confusing on the malting a plan of water resources. For example, those are Typhoon Rusa in 2002, Typhoon Maemi in 2003 and heavy storms in 2004. This study area has three group and one of them having three small watersheds, total five small watersheds. That is, Sabukmyeon small watersheds in Chuncheon, Three small watersheds in Wonju(Jeoncheon, Jupocheon and Hasunamcheon), and Suipcheon in Yanggu-Gun which are located far away each other three group and different precipitation data. According to the land use such as dry field(or farm), rice field, forest land. building site and others in small watersheds, the amount of runoff will be impacted by monthly precipitation. The comparison between the runoff was getting from Kajiyama Formula and calculated runoff from multi-linear regressed equations by land use Percentage was performed with different precipitation data and different small watersheds. Its correlations which are estimated by coefficient of correlation will be accepted or not, as approached 1.0000 values. As the monthly water resources amount is estimated by multi-linear regressed equations with different precipitation data and different small watersheds having no gauging station, we make a plan in order to demand and supply the water quantity from small river watersheds during return periods.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 2007

The rapid development of economy in China at the expense of consuming huge amount of energy and resources, water resource in particular, which has resulted in the production and discharge of increasing amount of wastewater to the water environment. In order to effectively control the increasing water pollution trend, the State Council has stipulated that all the cities with population over 500,000 should reach wastewater treatment rate of 60% by 2005, and all the cities should reach the rate of 60% by 2010, of which Capital Beijing and all the province capital cities and important tourism cities should reach 70% then. By the end of 2005, of the 661 cities in China, 393 have built and operated municipal wastewater treatments with a total number of 790 sets, total treatment capacity of $80.91{\times}106m^3/d$ and total treatment rate of > 48%. Other 73 cities have started the construction of municipal wastewater treatment plants, and other 168 cities have started to prepare, planning and design of wastewater treatment plants. Most of municipal wastewater treatment plants in big cities in China operate normally and perform well with good quality of effluent in terms of wastewater treatment train, but the sewage sludge treatment is usually poor with big problems. It has been found that the small scale WWTPs using activated sludge process in the towns are usually operated and maintained abnormally because of lack of fund, skilled operators and energy. It is therefore suggested that the small scale MWWTPs in small cities and towns adopt appropriate technologies, of which the most available ones are multi-stage ponds, constructed wetlands and the combination of them for further purification and reuse of treated wastewater.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-186
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• 2010

The impact of the precipitation has been focused on losses in social and economical sectors. However, as growing the concerns of the future water shortage caused by the climate change, the precipitation should be consider in various views for an effective planning in the water resource management. A precipitation case occurred from 20 to 21 April 2009 was recorded as a welcome rain because it reduced the severe drought continued in Korea from winter season of 2008. In this study, economic values of the event was calculated with positive aspects in various sectors. The estimation is based on four major parts such as a secure of water resources, the improvement of air quality, the decrease of forest fires, and the reduction of the drought impact. The water resources only considered inflow waters into dams and the reservoirs managed by Korean public institutions and their economic values accounts for 5.92 billion won. Decreases of four air pollutants($PM_{10}$, $NO_2$, CO, and $SO_2$) were considered as the positive effects of the rainfall and estimated 175.4 billion won. The preventive effect of the forest fire after the rainfall results in 0.48 billion won. Finally, the rainfall during the drought period is effective to reduce the social costs of 108.65 billion won. Although the economic values estimated in this study explain parts of the positive effects of the precipitation, it can help to develop a comprehensive and systematic valuation system for the whole process of the precipitation. For doing this, various rainfall types should be analyzed in social-economic terms including economics, environments and hydrology.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.107-119
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information about the study of model development of sustainable housing area. So, this study identified the concept of sustainable development and condition after investigation Habitat Agenda II, and the 10 items of agenda were used to constitute the case study framework. This study found the development characteristics through the case study of 6 sustainable housing areas in the world(US, UK and Australia), and searched the missing point in the sustainable development concept. The major findings are summarized as follows: First, the attempt of environmental sustainability was restrictive such as minimal environment pollution and waste, water resource protection and conservation of nature ecosystem. Second, in social-culture sustainability, the effort of right to housing, solution of urban squatter and housing welfare eliminated. Third, in economic sustainability, the attempt of prevent natural disaster, technological and industrial disaster excluded.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.923-941
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• 2005

Odor problem of livestock operation is important issue in a local community. I quantified the property price impact of 199 livestock operations for 3,355 housing sales in the U.S (Colorado). Spatial hedonic model was adopted to deal with spatial autocorrelation in housing market. Small beef and dairy operations, which are the traditional agricultural sector, seem to create a positive rural lifestyle amenity effect. However, the impact of livestock operation on rural residential sales turns to negative if the operation is over a certain size and species. Large hog and sheep operation seems to bring fatal economic loss from the local community perspective if it close to residential area. Livestock odor is one of the negative externality, the results provide the potential social cost of the livestock sector in the region. Policy makers may incorporate this social cost in the regional planning to minimize the social and maximize the development effect. Therefore, local officials and private individuals should carefully consider the location and characteristics of new residential properties and livestock operations alike.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.490-497
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• 2007

A Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are themselves a significant source of water pollution. Therefore, the control of urban drainage for CSOs reduction and receiving water quality protection is needed. Examples in combined sewer systems include downstream storage facilities that detain runoff during periods of high flow and allow the detained water to be conveyed by an interceptor sewer to a centralized treatment plant during periods of low flow. The design of such facilities as stormwater detention storage is highly dependant on the temporal variability of storage capacity available (which is influenced by the duration of interevent dry periods) as well as the infiltration capacity of soil and recovery of depression storage. As a result, a continuous approach is required to adequately size such facilities. This study for the continuous long-term analysis of urban drainage system used analytical probabilistic model based on derived probability distribution theory. As an alternative to the modeling of urban drainage system for planning or screening level analysis of runoff control alternatives, this model have evolved that offer much ease and flexibility in terms of computation while considering long-term meteorology. This study presented rainfall and runoff characteristics of the subject area using analytical probabilistic model. This study presented the average annual COSs and number of COSs when the interceptor capacity is in the range $3{\times}DWF$ (dry weather flow). Also, calculated the average annual mass of pollutant lost in CSOs using Event Mean Concentration. Finally, this study presented a decision of storage volume for CSOs reduction and water quality protection.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.251-257
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• 2013

Discharge data examine the process of hydrologic cycle and used significantly in water resource planning and irrigation and flood control planning. It makes high quality discharge data, they carry out research on standard and method of discharge measurement, and equipment improvement. Now various flow meters are utilized to make discharge data in Korea. However, accuracy of equipment and exprerimental research data from measurement are not enough. ADCP(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) have been introduced and utilized for flow measurements since the end of 1980's. ADCP flow method is a formal method for flow measurement can easily applyd to relatively large rivers gradually recognized. This equipment can measure the non-contact three-dimensional velocity and water depth data very quickly and efficiently. Also, spatial and temporal resolution of the data is more accurate than any other flow measurement methods which measure flow rate by velocity - area measurement method. In this paper, the velocity is measured using various flow meter and verified the effectiveness by applying from the ADCP in Geum-river. Various flow meters which are med for discharge measurements are VALEPORT002, FLOW TRACKER, PRICE AA and ADCP. The average of five times flow measurement result by ADCP was $10.412m^3/s$, with a standard deviation of 0.68. The repeat test by ADCP and comparison between ADCP and other flow devices to verify the most import factor, flow measurement accuracy. In the result, repeat test of the ADCP showed similar values, flow values were similar to other velocity device results and the average error is 7.7%.