• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.705-711
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• 2017

Lespedeza cuneata (LC) is a herbaceous plant that grows throughout Korea. To investigate the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant activities of LC extracts and LC-soaked liquor (s. liquor), extraction with distilled water (DW) and ethanol was conducted and the extracts were compared with s. liquor. A total of 22 free amino acids from LC extract were detected, with the main ones being phosphoethanolamine 20.36>L-proline 18.02>ammonia 14.48>L-aspartic acid 12.96>${\gamma}$-amino-n-butyric acid 10.67%. The total flavonoid contents (TFC) and total phenolics contents (TPC) were in the order of s. liquor>DW>ethanol extract. The electron donating ability based on DPPH radical scavenging ability was highest for s.liquor, which equivalents 81.4% ascorbic acid in the order of s. liquor>ethanol>DW extract. The orders of ferric reducing antioxidant power and ABTS radical scavenging ability were proportional to the TFC and TPC of extracts, and in the order of s. liquor>ethanol>DW extract. The nitrite scavenging ability of s. liquor was highest among the three extracts (96.6% at pH 1.2), which was 2.6 times greater than that of DW extract.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2006

Lornoxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that decreases prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase. It has analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory effects. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two lornoxicam tablets, $Xefo^{\circledR}$ (Hyundai Pharmaceutical Ind. Co., Ltd.) and Lornocam (Samchundang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of lornoxicam from the two lornoxicam formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty eight healthy male subjects, $24.39{\pm}1.95$ years in age and $68.63{\pm}7.25$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\;{\time}\;2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 4 mg as lornoxicam was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of lornoxicam in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t,\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Xefo^{\circledR},$ were -1.56%, 2.16% and -17.12% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max},$ respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log\;0.90{\sim}log\;1.05$ and $log\; 0.88{\sim}log\;1.17$ for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max},$ respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Lornocam tablet was bioequivalent to $Xefo^{\circledR}$ tablet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.103-113
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• 2009

This present study was carried out to investigate the biological effects of soybean extracts comparing organic and conventional cultivation. Cellular and molecular analysis was performed to determine anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects of both soybean extracts. First, we obtained various solvent extracts of soybeans such as water, ethanol, and methanol. Molecular and cellular analysis were performed with 0.1 mg/ml concentration of each solvent extracts. The results of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of organic cultivated soybean extracts were prominent than conventional cultivated soybean extracts. However, discrepancy between organic and conventional cultivated soybean extracts was not observed in anti-allergic effects determined by releasing histamine from rat mast cell line, RBL-2H3. Conclusively, organic cultivated soybeans have stronger effects than conventional cultivated soybeans in suppression of inflammation. In addition, organic soybeans could be applied as a functional food ingredient for treatment of chronic inflammation, asthma, and atopic dermatitis with enhanced anti-inflammatory activities.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the in vitro anti-obesity, anti-cancer activity and single oral dose toxicity of Inonotus xeranticus extracted by methanol (INXM) or ethyl acetate (INXE). In order to investigate anti-obestity effect of Inonotus xeranticus extracts, the 3T3-L1 cells were treated with these extracts at various concentrations(1, 10, 100 and $300{\mu}g/ml$). It was observed that 3T3-L1 cells treated with $100{\mu}g/ml$ of Inonotus obliquus ethyl acetate extract (INOE), INXM and INXE, in the absence of differentiation cocktail (0.5mM isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) $1{\mu}M$ dexamethasone, $1{\mu}M$ insulin), differentiated at a rate of 78.5, 80.9, and 76.4% respectively. Differentiation rates of 86.6% and 83.4% were observed in 3T3-L1 cells which were treated with differentiation cocktail at $100{\mu}g/ml$ of INXM and INXE, respectively. The anti-cancer effect of Inonotus xeranticus extracts was investigated using a method of sulforhodamine B in sarcoma 180 cell line. The cells were treated with these extracts (1, 10, 100 and $300{\mu}g/ml$) for 48 hours. The growth of cells which were treated with $300{\mu}g/ml$ of INXM was inhibited by 80.1%. The growth of sarcoma 180 cells which were treated with 100 and $300{\mu}g/ml$ of INXE was inhibited by 74.7% and 64.5%, respectively. In single oral dose toxicity study, no differences were observed between control and treated groups in clinical signs, body weight gains, and feed and water consumptions. The results indicated that Inonotus xeranticus extracts did not show any toxic effects at 2,000mg/kg in mice, and the $LD_{50}$ of these extracts was found to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg in this experiment. From the above results, Inonotus xeranticus methanol and ethyl acetate extracts might have useful clinical applications in the management of cancer and obesity and may also be useful as a medicinal food.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1723-1727
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• 2008

Chlorella sp. CMS-1 strain was isolated from the outdoors cultivation pools in Culmansa Co., Ltd. This strain was found to be a rounded type of 3 ${\mu}m$. Phylogenetic analysis by the 18S rRNA sequencing using isolated strain is most similar to Chlorella sp. IFRPD 1018 gene at the level of nucleotide sequence identity at 99%. Accordingly, the isolated Chlorella strain was named as Chlorella sp. CMS-1 based on its morphological and phylogenetic properties. The concentrations of crude protein and fat were 59% and 0.01%, respectively. Major compositional amino acids (mg%) were glutamic acid 6.21, alanine 5.76, aspartic acid 5.44%, glycine 4.29%, and threonine 3.09% and major free amino acids (mg%) were ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 7.13%, L-alanine 1.44%, L-glutamic acid 0.90, L-leucine 0.26% and L-glycine 0.20%. The concentrations of major minerals were P 2.25%, K 2.25%, Na 1.09%, Mg 0.63%, and Ca 0.28%.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.154-166
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• 2017

Polymeric films for gas barrier applications such as food packaging and electronic devices have attracted great interest due to their cheap, light and easy processability among gas barrier materials. Especially in electronic devices, extremely low gas permeance is necessary for maintaining the device performance. However, current polymeric barrier films still suffer from relatively high gas permeance than other materials. Therefore, there have been strong needs to enhance the gas barrier performance of polymeric barrier films while keep their own advantages. Recently, graphene is highlighted as a 2D-layered material for gas barrier applications. However, owing to the poor workability and difficulty to produce in engineering scale, graphene oxide (GO) is on the rise. GO consists of oxygen-containing functional groups on surface with intrinsic 2D-layered structure and high aspect ratio, and it can be well-dispersed in aqueous polar solvents like water, resulting in scalable mass production. Here, we prepared GO incorporated polyimide (PI) nanocomposites. PI is widely used barrier polymer with high mechanical strength and thermal and chemical stability. We demonstrated that PI/GO nanocomposites could perform as a gas barrier. Furthermore, surfactants (Triton X-100 (TX) and Sodium deoxycholate (SDC)) are introduced to enhance the gas barrier performance by improving the degree of dispersion of GO in PI matrix. As a result, TX enhanced the gas barrier performance of PI/GO nanocomposites which is similar to predicted value. This finding will provide new insight to polymer nanocomposites for gas barrier applications.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 1994

The fish skin gelatin hydrolysates were produced using a continuous two-stage membrane (MWCO 10,000, MWCO 5,000) reactor, and molecular weights, amino acids and functional properties of the hydrolysates were investigated. The major molecular weights distribution of the major fractions were $8{\sim}10\;KDa$ and $4.5{\sim}6.5\;KDa$ in the 1st-step hydrolysates, $2{\sim}6\;KDa$ and $0.5{\sim}2\;KDa$ in the 2nd-step hydrolysates. Among the amino acids in the hydrolysates, glycine, proline, serine, alanine, hydroxyproline, glutamic acid and aspartic acid having sweet taste were responsible for $68{\sim}72%$ of the total amino acids. But valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and histidine having a bitter taste were only $23{\sim}25%$ Taste evaluations show that the gelatin hydrolysates have a brothy and sweet taste, 2nd-step hydrolysate have more a favorable taste than 1st-step hydrolysate. The hydrolysates were completely soluble and clear over the entire pH range. Moisture sorption at intermediate water activities of the 2nd-step hydrolysate was much higher than the unmodified fish skin gelatin, but foaming and emulsification properties were poor. Buffer capacity of the 2nd-step hydrolysate was higher than the fish skin gelatin and 1st-step hydrolysate, while viscosities of the hydrolysates were lower than the fish skin gelatin.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.1936-1942
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• 2010

To examine the effect of overdosed functional food in liver-injured patients, we tried to investigate the dose effect of Allium sativum L. (also called garlic) extract on rats with CCl4-induced liver damage, by comparatively examinating the hepatic function of each group. 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and divided equally (n=7) into normal, control, positive control, and three experimental subgroups (E1, E2 and E3), respectively. For each kg of body weight, hepatic injury was induced by intraperitoneal administration of $0.5\;m{\ell}$ (0.20 g/kg/day) $CCl_4$, which was diluted in equal amount of olive oil, once a day on every other day for total 5 times. Hot water extraction was performed using domestically cultivated organic garlics, and the obtained extract was injected by sonde, once daily during 4 weeks, to each experimental subgroups by different dosage of 0.35 g/kg(E1), 0.70 g/kg(E2), 1.40 g/kg(E3), respectively. Results showed that the injection of garlic extract positively influenced the physiological activation which lowered the oxidative stress, changed the toxicity, and functionally improved the hepatic condition. Comparing the dose effect between the three experimental subgroups (E1, E2, E3), results of the maximal-dosed subgroup (E3) showed less significance compared with the lower-dosed subgroups(E1 and E2), which seems to resulted from the (increased) toxicity of garlic.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.345-355
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• 1991

In order to effectively utilize the by-products of sea-food, the utilization of enzyme-modified flounder(Limanda aspera) skin gelatin as an emulsifier was investigated. In the experiment, the gelatin was extracted from the flounder skin with the heat-treatment at $60^{\circ}C$ and in pH 5.0 for 3 hrs with four volumes of distilled water and emulsifiers were enzymatically modified L-leucine alkyl esters$(L-leucine-OC_n$ : n= 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) to the gelatin$(EMFSG-C_2,\;EMFSG-C_4,\;EMFSG-C_6,\;EMFSG-C_8,\;EMFSG-C_{10})$ for improving the functional properties such as emulsifying activity, emulsifying viscosity, whippability, electric conductivity, critical micelle concentration and interface tension, etc. Also, the functional properties of the L-leucine alkyl ester modified gelatins were compared with those of Tween-60 as reference. Molecular weights of the enzymatically modified flounder skin gelatin(EMFSG) were 20.5kDa. in $EMFSG-C_2.\;19.5 kDa.\;in\;EMFSG-C_4\;and\;16.5kDa.\;in\;EMFSG-C_6,\;EMFSG-C_8$ and $EMFSG-C_{10}$. respectively. Emulsifying activity and emulsifying viscosity in the modified gelatins were risen with increase of carbon number of the introduced L-leucine alkyl esters. Among the modified gelatins, $EMFSG-C_6$ exhibited the highest emulsifying stability and foaming stability, whereas $EMFSG-C_8$ showed the highest whippability. The electric conductivities of the all $EMFSG-C_n$ were linearly risen to critical micelle concentration(CMC) , therefore $EMFSG-C_{10}$ exhibited the lowest CMC value and interface tension, and dense particles in the microscopic observation. In conclusion, the best quality in functional properties was assured on $EMFSG-C_{10}$.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2000

Successive management of prawn farm is strongly dependent upon monitoring of pond seawater quality which is generally influenced by an excessive food supplied sediment type and phytoplankton composition in the pond. For good condition of seawater quality it must need exchangning of fresh seawater by tidal current. Two distinct shrimp ponds Galha and Yunho which were different in seawater exchanging system and sediment type were selected to understand how some factors affected to seawater and sediment qualities in the pond. Prawn growth was also determined. Galha pond characterized by sand bottom with water exchanging by turn of the tidal current accumulated 1.8 mgS/g-dry as sulfide in sediment while Yunho pond mud- bottomed with seawater exchanging of pumping system showed 4.7mgS/g-dry when it was highest, Ammonia-N and hydrogen sulfide measured in the seawater were 0.31mg/${\ell}$ and 21.2 ${\mu}$${\ell}$/${\ell}$in Yunho and 0.10mg/${\ell}$and 10.8${\mu}$${\ell}$/${\ell}$in Galha pond respectively. Dissolved oxygen remained below 6.0mg/${\ell}$ in Galha and 5.0mg/${\ell}$in Yunho pond from June through August. Less growth of prawn was found in Yunho pond than in Galha pond. Prawn growth expressed as body length and weight were 138.3mm 22.9g in Yunho pond while they were length 158.2mm and 28.9g in Galha pond respectively when they were harvested in October. These results indicate that higher levels of ammonia-N and hydrogen sulfide and lower dissolved oxygen in bottom seawater of Yunho pond might affect the growth of cultured prawn.