• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.177-187
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• 2002

The contamination problem is getting worse now a day because of the industrial activities. Recently it has been announced that there's environmental hormone in river and lake which produces clean water, also there's too many of algae reproduces under the water and some virus in the drinking water. The quality of water is very important. pure and clean water is not only a precondition for human being to live but a basic factor to improve the quality of life. so a water purification system must be developed. This study is about the surface washing treatment technique. We tried to use a rotary nozzle to get a tush degree of efficiency, for it was not enough with present way of washing. The nozzle is run by water pressure. The results of the experiment are as follows. We got a clean and equal surface after washing. After washing, the water's maximum consistency was 330NTU and it shows that this way is better than before one with 215NTU. Clean level of the filter was 6$^{\circ}$and it's 2.8 times higher than 17$^{\circ}$with the old way. We can see the results that the new way of washing is more effective than old way based on this study.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.169-172
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• 2003

Intact seeds of burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) are not nearly germinated so that the farmers remove their arils before sowing. The study was carried out to measure the effort of aging, chilling, washing, chemical treatment, drying, and their sequential treatments on the germination of ones with arils and the seedling emergence. The seeds extruding over 1mm of their radicles and the seedlings with fully expanded cotyledons were counted daily for calculating the germination and the seedling emergence rates. Seedcoat softening using 10% NaOH solution somewhat enhanced their germination rate of the intact seeds harvested in the current year, but aging treatment done on 6 days at $45^{\circ}C$ after NaOH treatment increased the germination rate more than only NaOH treatment. A day washing after the NaOH treatment and a day chilling after the washing increasingly elevated the rates as well. Irrigation of 0.2% $\textrm{KNO}_3$ solution, moreover, showed the greatest germination rate of the priming treatments done during all the 7 day chilling. Drying the seeds after the combined treatment of chilling and priming more inclined the germination rate than nondrying ones, but red light treated during 24 hour desiccation was more effective in the germination rate increment than dark condition. The seeds done the sequential treatments of aging, NaOH, washing, combining chilling and priming and drying under red light illumination were germinated up to 80% but seedlings were emerged to 60%, lower than ones removed their arils.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

A continuous process of persulfate oxidation and citric acid washing was investigated for ex-situ remediation of complex contaminated soil containing total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPHs) and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn). The batch experiment results showed that TRPHs could be degraded by $Fe^{2+}$ activated persulfate oxidation and that heavy metals could be removed by washing with citric acid. For efficient remediation of the complex contaminated soil, two-stage and three-stage processes were evaluated. Removal efficiency of the two-stage process (persulfate oxidation - citric acid washing) was 83% for TRPHs and 49%, 53%, 24% for Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively. To improve the removal efficiency, a three-stage process was also tested; case A) water washing - persulfate oxidation - citirc acid washing and case B) persulfate oxidation - citric acid washing (1) - citric acid washing (2). In case A, 63% of TRPHs, 73% of Cu, 60% of Zn, and 55% of Pb were removed, while the removal efficiencies of TRPHs, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 24%, 68%, 62%, and 59% in case B, respectively. The results indicated that case A was better than case B. The three-stage process was more effective than the two-stage process for the remediation of complex-contaminated soil in therms of overall removal efficiency.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1998

The electric arc furnace (EAF) dust used in this experiment showed the formation of an irregular agglomerate of small spherical particles and consisted of 27.5% Fe, 18% Zn, 4.83% Pb and 10.2% CaO, and it also contained 3.26% Cl and 0.15% F. IR spectra peaks of Pb(OH)Cl were observed at 1630 and 1377 ${cm}^{-1}$ regions and the intensity decreased using an acid treatment (1N ${H}_{2}{SO}_{4}$) and thermal treatment at above 600℃, but it was not affected by washing process. Those of ${Zn}_{5}{(OH)}_{8}{Cl}_{2}$ treated by oxidation showed broad absorption peak at 3600∼3200 ${cm}^{-1}$, main peaks at 1136 and 1040 ${cm}^{-1}$ and a splitting peak at 991 and 921 ${cm}^{-1}$ which were believed to be due to ZnO by oxidation at about 700∼. The IR spectra of the dust residues by a washing process show the same peaks at 3449, 1635, 1439, 875, 571 and 455 ${cm}^{-1}$ regions, but the peaks at 2942, 2862, 1136 and 1040 ${cm}^{-1}$ decreased and disappeared using an acid treatment and washing process, which is believed to be due to the dissolution of zinc hydroxyl chloride.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.38-41
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• 2002

Localized amyloidosis of the ureter is rare and clinically confused with neoplasm. We describe a case of localized amyloidosis of the ureter in which the presence of amyloid was detected in ureteral washing cytology. A 75-year-old female presented with gross hematuria. Abdominal CT and retrograde pyelography revealed hydronephrosis and hydroureter on the left side with abrupt narrowing of the distal ureter. Ureteral washing cytology yielded a hypocellular smear with many irregular clumps of amorphous, extracellar, waxy material. Biopsy sections demonstrated submucosal deposits of eosinophilic amorphous material which gave characteristic apple green birefringence with Congo-red stain under the polarized light. Familarity with the cytologic features of amyloid is helpful for preoperative diagnosis and proper treatment.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.471-477
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• 2007

Purpose: Hydrofluoric acid(HF) is one of the most dangerous mineral acids with dissociated fluoride ions. As hydrofluoric acid is present in various household products(such as rust removers), a large population of industrials is at the risk of HF exposure. It is a very strong organic acid, used widely in glass etching, metal washing, and in the semiconductor industry. Even when using adequate safety measures, lack of care on the user's part results in chemical burn by HF. Symptoms caused by HF-induced chemical burns shows delayed manifestations resulting in a loss of proper treatment opportunities. We therefore reviewed 20 cases of HF-induced chemical burns and treatment principle. Methods: The objects of this study were 19 male patients and 1 female treated from March 2004 to March 2006. There were 19 cases of injury on digits and 1 on the wrist area. There were 15 cases of immediate treatment after sustaining HF-induced burns, and 5 cases of delayed treatment. As a principle, in the emergency treatment, partial or complete removal of the nail along with copious washing with normal saline was done, depending on the degree of HF invasion of the distal digital extremities. Results: The 15 cases who came to the hospital immediately after the injury were healed completely without sequelae, and those who delayed their treatment needed secondary surgical measures, due to the severity of inflammation and necrosis of the digital tissues. Conclusion: As the industrial sector develops, the use of HF is increasing more and more, leading to increase in incidences of HF-induced chemical burns. When treating chemical burns caused by HF, washing by copious amounts of normal saline, along with early removal of the nails, rather than calcium gluconate, seems to be a available method for preserving the shape and function of the digits and the nail. The education of patients regarding this subject should be empathized accordingly.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.703-708
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to establish washing conditions for vegetable salad to reduce the microbial hazard by using sodium hypochlorite solution and eventually to implement HACCP for salad processing. By using the salad production line of Shinkeum Co. located in Gwacheon, Gyunggi-do, salad samples were washed under several washing conditions (chlorine dip period, chlorine concentration, rinse time, etc.) to determine the most effective conditions. The original washing line consisted of 3 baths (100 ppm chlorine water dip, water rinse, and water rinse), each with a capacity of 100 L of tap water and 5 kg of salad. First, the salad samples were washed with 100 ppm of sodium hypochlorite solution for various dip times (3, 6, 9, 12 min); however, only a 1 log- or less-reduction in total microbial counts was achieved in all groups and the time of chlorine water dip was not a significant factor in reducing the microbial hazard. When another water bath was added before the chlorine water dip (4-bath washing), a 2 log-reduction in total microbial counts was achieved. This result suggested the importance of pre-dipping salad materials in water before chlorine treatment to reduce the organic load on the surface of the vegetables. Coliforms were not detected at all after washing. As the concentration of chlorine $(50{\sim}150\;ppm)$ and rinse time $(0.5{\sim}2\;min)$ increased, greater microbial reduction was achieved; however, physical damage of the salad was observed. Finally, the optimum washing conditions for salad were determined as 3 min-water dip, 3 min-chlorine (100 ppm) dip, 2 min-rinse, and 2 min-rinse.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.169-178
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to develop eco-printing method using natural dyes combined with chitosan treatment to impart various pattern effect on cotton fabric. It was examined whether tone-on-tone pattern effects could be produced by screen printing with chitosan paste and subsequently dip-dyed in natural dye bath. For polychromic colorants, fabrics were pre-mordanted and then screen printed with chitosan, while only chitosan printing treatment was applied for monochromic colorants. Color, dye uptake, washing, light and rubbing fastnesses of printed fabrics were measured in relation to the presence of chitosan printing. Pre-mordanting and chitosan printing treatment were applied to such polychromic colorants as madder, sappanwood, onion and cochineal. Also, printing pattern formation on fabrics was evaluated by differences in dye uptake and color. The results suggested that madder, onion and cochineal were effective on pattern formation. Regarding sappanwood, since dye uptake was increased only by pre-mordanting without chitosan printing treatment, there was little color difference and thus patterns were not clearly distinguished. Chitosan printing treatment tended to increase washing, light and rubbing fastnesses of dyed fabrics with polychromic colorants. Chitosan printing treatment was applied to monochromic colorants such as chlorophyll, gardenia and indigo and the effect of printing formation was examined according to the difference in dye uptake. Among monochromic dyes tried, chlorophyll was effective and chitosan printing improved washing and light fastnesses.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2020

The pre-treatment condition affects on the element analysis of inductively coupled plasma (ICP). In this study the pre-treatment condition of ICP has been studied to quantify elements in dog's hair. The hair samples were collected from twelve female Beagles by clipping them into 1 or 2 cm at the back neck. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in hairs were performed by using ICP. By ICP nine elements were qualitatively detected and quantitatively analyzed (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Se, Zn). The measured amounts of elements were compared between 3 step and 2 step procedures which were with and without the acetone based washing step. The quantitative analysis showed that the concentrations of K, Na, P, and Se were significantly decreased in hair samples with acetone-based washing (p < 0.005 or 0.001) unlike those without the acetone-based washing. It implied that some minerals are lost by the acetone based washing during the sample preparation step. Therefore, the acetone based washing process is not suitable for quantifying elements in dog's hair. In addition, the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis were compared. Although there was a difference in absolute values of elemental contents in hair, the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis were significantly correlated each other. This finding suggested that the results of qualitative analysis can be used to monitor elemental contents in dog's hair.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2008

[ $TiO_2$ ] nanotubes for photocatalytic application have been synthesized by hydrothermal method. $TiO_2$ nanotubes are formed by washing process after reaction in alkalic solution. Nanotubes with different morphology have been fabricated by changing NaOH concentration, temperature and time. $TiO_2$ nanoparticles were treated inside NaOH aqueous solution in a Teflon vessel at $110^{\circ}C$ for 20 h, after which they were washed with HCl aqueous solution and deionized water. Nanotube with the most perfect morphology was formed from 0.1 N HCl washing treatment. $TiO_2$ nanotube was also obtained when the precursor was washed with other washing solutions such as $NH_4OH$, NaCl, $K_2SO_4$, and $Na_2SO_3$. Therefore, it was suggested that $Na^+$ ion combined inside the precursor compound slowly comes out from the structure, leaving nanosheet morphology of $TiO_2$ compounds, which in turn become the nanotube in the presence of hydroxyl ion. To stabilize the sheet morphology, the different type of washing treatment solution might be considered such as amine class compounds.