• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2005

다양한 추출공정에 의하여 제조된 노루궁뎅이버섯의 열수 및 50% 에탄올 추출분획이 대식세포의 활성화에 미치는 효과를 마우스의 대식세포주인 RAW264.7 세포를 사용하여 측정하였다. 실험 결과, NO 생산능은 2시간 열수추출한 분획과 60 W에서 50% 에탄올로 3분간 microwave로 추출한 분획이 높았고, 활성산소종(ROS)에 대한 소거활성은 2시간 또는 3시간 열수추출한 분획과 60W에서 50% 에탄올로 3분간 microwave로 추출한 분획 및 0.5% HCl로 추출한 분획에서 높게 나타났다. 50% 에탄올 추출에 있어서 60W, 80W 및 120W에서 3분간 microwave로 추출한 분획들이 RAW264.7 세포의 Candida albicans에 대한 포식활성을 크게 유도한다는 사실을 알았다. 특히 50% 에탄올을 용매로 사용하여 60W에서 3분간 microwave로 추출한 분획은 NO 생산, ROS 소거 및 C. albicans에 대한 포식활성의 전반적인 대식세포의 활성화를 유도하였다. 이 사실은 노루궁뎅이버섯에 있어서 60 W에서 3분간 microwave에 의한 50% 에탄올 추출조건이 함유된 다당류가 관련된 대식세포 활성화 성분의 농화에 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 보여주었고, 단백다당류가 활성성분으로서 관련되었을 가능성을 시사하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.369-377
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of protein leaching to an external phase during an ethyl acetate-based, double emulsion microencapsulation process. An aqueous protein solution (lactoglobulin, lysozyme, or ribonuclease; $W_1$) was emulsified in ethyl acetate containing poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide 75:25. The $W_1/O$ emulsion was transferred to a 0.5% polyvinyl alcohol solution saturated with ethyl acetate $(W_2)$. After the double emulsion was stirred for 5, 15, 30, or 45 min, additional 0.5% polyvinyl alcohol $(W_3)$ was quickly added into the emulsion. This so-called quenching step helped convert emulsion microdroplets into microspheres. After 2-hr stirring, microspheres were collected and dried. The degree of protein leaching to $W_2$ and/or $W_3$ phase was monitored during the microencapsulation process. In a separate, comparative experiment, the profile of protein leaching to an external phase was investigated during the conventional methylene chloride-based microencapsulation process. When ethyl acetate was used as a dispersed solvent, proteins continued diffusing to the $W_2$ phase, as stirring went on. Therefore, the timing of ethyl acetate quenching played an important role in determining the degree of protein microencapsulation efficiency. For example, when quenching was peformed after 5-min stirring of the primary $W_1/O$ emulsion, the encapsulation efficiencies of lactoglobulin and ribonuclease were $55.1{\pm}4.2\;and\;45.3{\pm}7.6%$, respectively. In contrast, when quenching was carried out in 45 min, their respective encapsulation efficiencies were $39.6{\pm}3.2\;and\;29.9{\pm}11.2%$. By sharp contrast, different results were attained with the methylene-chloride based process: up to 2 hr-stirring of the primary and double emulsions, less than 5% of a protein appeared in $W_2$. Afterwards, it started to partition from $W_1\;to\;W_2/W_3$, and such a tendency was affected by the amount of PLGA75:25 used to make microspheres. Different solvent properties (e.g., water miscibility) and their effect on microsphere hardening were to be held answerable for such marked differences observed with the two microencapsulation processes.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2014

Previously, we demonstrated that the shift and/or restriction of feeding time during relatively short-term period (4 weeks) could alter the pituitary gonadotropin expression and the weights of seminal vesicle and prostate in rats. We also found that the reverse feeding (RF) schedule (up to 8 weeks) might induce an adaptable metabolic stress and cause impairment of androgen-dependent reproductive tissues. In the present study, we extended the RF time regimen up to 12 weeks, and measured the reproductive tissue weights. After 4 and 8 weeks of RF, the weights of epididymis were not significantly different. After 12 weeks, however, epididymis weights of RF animals were significantly different (CON 12W : RF 12W = $48.26{\pm}0.62mg$ : $44.05{\pm}1.57mg$, p<0.05). After 4 and 12 weeks of feeding, seminal vesicle weights of RF animals were significantly decreased (CON 4W : RF 4W = $79.36{\pm}8.34mg$ : $46.28{\pm}2.43mg$, p<0.001; CON 12W : RF 12W = $72.04{\pm}3.76mg$ : $46.71{\pm}2.27mg$, p<0.001, respectively). Prostate weights were not changed by RF. Kidney and spleen weights of RF animals were significantly different on weeks 4 and 12 (Kidney, CON 4W : RF 4W = $249.72{\pm}4.20mg$ : $228.41{\pm}3.03mg$, p<0.001; CON 12W : RF 12W = $309.15{\pm}7.49mg$ : $250.72{\pm}6.13mg$, p<0.001, respectively, Spleen, CON 4W : RF 4W = $111.26{\pm}3.76mg$ : $96.88{\pm}4.69mg$, p<0.05; CON 12W : RF 12W = $123.93{\pm}10.72mg$ : $94.68{\pm}5.65mg$, p<0.05, respectively). Histology analysis of seminal vesicle revealed that the thinner epithelial cell layers, reduced complexities of swollen papilla folding in the exocrine glands on weeks 4 and 12 of RF. There was no histological difference between control and RF group on week 8. The present study indicates that up to 12 weeks RF induced differential changes in tissue weights of male mice. In particular, seminal vesicle, kidney and spleen seemed to temporarily adapted to the RF-induced metabolic stress on week 8 of feeding schedule. These results confirmed the our previous study that the RF might induce an adaptable metabolic stress and cause impairment of androgen-dependent reproductive tissues such as epididymis and seminal vesicle as well as non-reproductive tissues such as kidney and spleen. Further studies will be needed to achieve a better understanding of the how does mealtime shift affect the reproductive function and exact nature of adaptation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2010

The present study was aimed at preparing microemulsion-based hydrogel (MBH) for the skin delivery of itraconazole. Microemulsion prepared with Transcutol as a surfactant, benzyl alcohol as an oil and the mixture of ethanol and phasphatidyl choline (3:2) as a cosurfactant were characterized by solubility, phase diagram, particle size. MBHs were prepared using 0.7 % of xanthan gum (F1-1) or carbopol 940 (F1-2) as gelling agents and characterized by viscosity studies. The in vitro permeation data obtained by using the Franz diffusion cells and hairless mouse skin showed that the optimized microemulsion (F1) consisting of itraconazole (1% w/w), benzyl alcohol (10% w/w), Transcutol (10% w/w) and the mixture of ethanol and phospahtidylcholine (3:2) (10% w/w) and water (49% w/w) showed significant difference in the flux (${\sim}1{\mu}g/cm^2/h$) with their corresponding MBHs (0.25-0.64 ${\mu}g/cm^2/h$). However, the in vitro skin drug content showed no significant difference between F1 and F1-1, while F1-2 showed significantly low skin drug content. The effect of the amount of drug loading (0.02, 1 and 1.5% w/w) on the optimized MBH (F1-2) showed that the permeation and skin drug content increased with higher drug loading (1.5%). The in vivo study of the optimized MBH (F1-2 with1.5% w/w drug loading) showed that this formulation could be used as a potential topical formulation for itraconazole.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.77-89
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• 2000

In this study, to activate the industrialization and to improve the quality of Toha-jeot by shortening the fermentation period, we investigated the changes in the nutritional components of Toha-jeot. salt-fermented Toha shrimp( Caridina denticulata denticulata $D_{E}$ $H_{AAN}$) which was salted with a low-salt group and high-salt group during fermentation. In this experiment. there are four groups of Toha-jeot which were manufactured with 15% ratio of common salt: the first group containing 2% wheat bran (w2%-L). the second high-salt group containing 2% wheat bran( w2%-H) , the third low-salt group containing 4% wheat bran (w4%-L) and the last high-salt group containing 4% wheat bran(w4%-H). These four groups were refrigerated at 4${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ and then taken out for analysis at three month intervals during 9 month. Among the free amino acid contents in Toha-jeot, 22 kinds were detected. 6 month after the fermentation when the quantity of the amino acid contents in Toha-jeot is highest, ornitine, glutamic acid, leucine. alanine. lysine and valine occupy the majority, in the order of abundance. In cases of nucleotides. 6 month after the fermentation. from the groups w2%-L, w2%-H and w4%-L, inosine and IMP were not detected. and hypoxanthine, AMP, ADP were detected but 9 month after the fermentation ADP was not detected. The main constituents of fatty acid were as follows : (a) from w2%-L, w2%-H, 6 month after the fermentation. $C16:0$, $C12:0$, $C18:1$, $C18:3$, and $C16:1$. (b) from w4%-L. 6 month after the fermentation, $C18:3$, $C16:0$, $C12:0$ and $C18:1$. (c) from W4%-H, $C16:0$, $C12:0$, $C18:3$ and $C18:1$. In case of mineral contents. Na, Ca. K. Mg, Fe. Zn, Mn and Cu were detected according to the magnitude of the quantity. From the group w4%-H, high quantity of Na was detected during the total fermentation period. In case of color value, from the groups w2%. the values of L. a. b were highest after 6 month fermentation and were decreased after 9 month fermentation, while from groups w4%, the values of L, a, b were gradually decreased after 3 month fermentation.ion.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.110-118
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• 1992

형성방법이 다른 세종류의 TiN기판상에 CVD텅스텐막을 도포할 때의 W의 핵생성 양상을 비교조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 반응성 스팟터법에 의하여 형성한 TiN과 $NH_3$분위기에서 RTP처리한 $SiH_4$환원에 의하여 CVD-W막을 증착할 때, 증착속도(deposition rate)는 sputtered TiN>RTP TiN>annealed TiN의 순서로 감소하며, W 핵생성에 대한 잠복기는 sputtered $TiN{\leq}RTP$ TiNTiO_{X}N_{Y}$로 바뀌기 때운에 그 위에서 W의 핵성성이 어려워지고, 증착속도도 낮아진 것이다. RTP-TiN의 미세한 결정립구조는 W의 핵성성과 성장에 유리한 효과를 미치지만, 그것의 높은 압축응력이 W의 핵생성과 성장에 미치는 불리한 효과가 더 크기 때문에, RTP-TiN 기판상에 W를 증착할 경우가 sputtered TiN 기판상에 W를 증착할 경우보다 증착속도가 더 낮고, 잠복기도 더 긴 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.443-450
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• 1993

실리콘이 주입된 CaAs 기판위에 플라즈마 화학 증착법으로 자기정렬 gate구조의 Schottky contact을 형성하였다. 갈륨비소 소자 제조를 위하여 두께 1600$\AA$의 턴스텐질화막을 $350^{\circ}C$에서 증착하여 $750^{\circ}C$에서 $900^{\circ}C$까지 급속 열처리 하였다. 텅스텐 질화막과 GaAs계면의 열적 안정성을 XRD(X-ray diffraction), PL(photoluminescence),ODLTS(optical deep livel transient spectroscopy)측정으로 조사하였으며, W보다 $W_{67}N_{33}$ gate를 형성시킬 경우에 GaAs에 미치는 열적손상이 적음을 알 수 있으며 이온 주입한 Si이온이 활성화 되는 것으로 생각된다. $W_{67}N_{33}$ GaAs 다이오드가 약 800-$900^{\circ}C$의 고온열처리 온도에서 W/GaAs 다이오드의 경우보다 열적 안정성이 우수하였다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2009

자외선에 노출된 피부는 활성산소종을 형성한다. 이는 피부의 염증 반응을 야기시키며 콜라겐 생성 억제를 통해 피부 노화를 촉진시킨다. 본 연구에서는 2종류의 항산화성 미네랄 바이오 활성수1과 2(MIBA-W1, MIBA-W2)를 이용하여 항염증 및 항노화 기초 효능과 함께 미백효능을 측정하였다. 두 종류 MIBA-W 모두가 UV에 의해 증가된 TNF-${\alpha}$를 상당량 줄여주는 것으로 나타나 항염증 효능이 있는 것이 확인되었다. 한편 UVB에 의해 감소되는 콜라겐 합성량은 MIBA-W1에 의해 0.01 % 농도에서 대조군 수준으로 증가하였으나 MIBA-W2는 농도가 증가할수록 콜라겐 합성량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 한편 MIBA-W2는 ${\alpha}$-MSH로 처리된 B16-F1 melanoma 세포에서의 멜라닌 합성을 억제하는 것이 관찰되었다. MIBA-W2 의 경우 고형분 0.001 % (부피비 5 %)의 농도에서 ${\alpha}$-MSH에 의한 멜라닌의 합성을 ${\alpha}$-MSH positive control 대비 약 50 % 감소시키는 효과를 보였다. 종합하면 두 종류의 MIBA-W는 항염증 효능과 미백기능을 가지는 피부생리활성을 가지고 있는 것이 확인되었으며 따라서 기능성화장품 소재로 개발될 수 있는 가능성을 보였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제46권10호
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• pp.14-27
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• 2009

Polar code는 터키 Erdal Arikan교수가 2006년 입력된 채널을 나누면 Cutoff Rate이 향상되는데 착안하여 Polar code를 제안했다. 채널분극은 주어진 B-DMC(Binary-input Discrete Memoryless Channel) W에서 대칭 용량의 높은 비율을 가진 연속적인 code로 이루어져 있다. 대칭 용량은 동등한 확률을 가진 채널의 입력을 이용하여 높은 비율을 얻는데 채널분극은 주어진 B-DMC W의 N개의 독립적인 출력을 모은 것이다. 즉, N은 Binary입력 채널 {$W^{(i)}_N\;:\;1{\leq}\;i\;{\leq}\;N$} 일 때, N이 커지게 되고, I{WN(i)}에서 값이 1에 가까워지면 그 값은 I(W)로 접근되고, I{WN(i)} 값이 0에 가까워지면 1-I(W)에 접근된다. 여기에서 I(W)는 신뢰성 있는 통신상에서의 동등한 주파수를 가진 W의 입력으로 높은 비율을 나타낸다. 이로써 {WN(i)}는 결국 채널코딩을 위한 적합한 상태라고 볼 수 있다. Polar code를 바탕으로, 본 논문은 Arikan의 Polar code의 부호화와 복호화를 분석하고 새롭게 Radix4의 Polar code 부호화를 제안했다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation and ratio between the calcaneal length and width for predicting the width of calcaneus. Materials and Methods: A total of 190 feet (190 patients) were included based on computed tomography scans. The length of calcaneus (CL) was measured on the line connecting the center of a circle tangent to the cortical margin in the anterior and posterior parts of the calcaneus in a sagittal plane (W1, W2). The width of the calcaneus was defined as the horizontal line of each part (W1, W2, W3) on the same axial plane. The relationship between the measurement was determined through a correlation analysis. The reliability was assessed based on intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: The CL and widths of calcaneus (W1, W2, W3) had a good positive correlation (r=0.848 [W1/CL], r=0.738 [W2/CL], r=0.769 [W3/CL]; p<0.001). The mean CL and widths ratios were 0.33 (W1/CL), 0.37 (W2/CL), and 0.37 (W3/CL). Using these ratios to estimate the widths by multiplying each ratio by the measured calcaneal length, we found a difference between the estimated calcaneal widths and the actual measured calcaneal widths values was 0.25 mm, 0.43 mm, and 0.16 mm. All measurements showed good-to-excellent inter- and intraobserver reliability. Conclusion: This study analyzed the correlation and ratio between the length and width of the calcaneus. The results will help orthopedic surgeons fixate screws in a stable manner to prevent iatrogenic injuries to the medial neurovascular structures of the calcaneus.