• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.129-138
• /
• 2013

The aim of the research was to analyze programs, outcomes, promotion process, and operation methods of neighbourhood making to provide basic information for progressive improvement directions in the future. Buk-gu in Gwanju city, samdeok-dong in Daegu city and dongpirang in Tongyeong city were selected for a comparative analysis. The main bodies of neighbourhood making for promoting a local amenity were analysed for this research. The results indicated that a voluntary and continuous participation of residents was expected in the case of neighbourhood making led by the residents. However, a steady budget support from the outside was necessary for the continuous management and improvement of neighbourhood organization. For this, a voluntary agreement was required through the consultative group and committee formation. The member of civil organization has a limitation in the ability to develop and maintain continuos activities in the case of neighbourhood making led by a civil organization. This research found that operation methods including the constant checking, the search for new ideas through assessment of the resident's participation, local festivals for a community formation and real satisfactions of residents' desires were needed in the neighbourhood making led by a civil organization. A participation rate in neighbourhood making was low in the case of neighbourhood making led by administrative bodies. This result indicated that the long-term strategics for space renewal and community revitalization were important. Various easy ways of residents' participation to reflect their interests and operation systems were also needed. Finally, current local issues, active residents' participation and residents' opinions would be included in the process of neighbour making in the future.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.243-279
• /
• 2004

The construction arbitration field has developed considerably since the latter half of the 1990s. Through analysis of construction arbitration cases taken up by KCAB, this paper intends to show the present condition and the improvement direction of construction arbitration in Korea. The number of construction arbitration cases filed at KCAB has been increasing rapidly after 1997, but recently the rate of increase has tended to decline. From 2000 to 2003 the number of arbitration cases increased 23％ each year, on average, but in 2003 the increase was only 7.6％. In the very beginning, public construction claims made up the majority of all construction cases, however, civil construction claims are increasing gradually. The arbitration amount in the construction field is very high, owing to public construction claims. For example, the arbitration amount per case was 5 billion won, on average,. in the public construction field. It is shown that the claimants of arbitration are mostly constructors and the main reasons for making claims are to demand payment for construction and payment for additional work. KCAB investigated the performance status of arbitration awards. The voluntary performance rate for awards in construction arbitration is nearly 80％ and in 11％, a suit was filed to appeal the arbitration award. In spite of the development of construction arbitration, some improvements are requested. There have been arguments about the effectiveness of selective arbitration agreement in the General Terms of Construction Contract. This has caused a decrease in arbitration cases, so improvements in this dispute settlement clause need to be made. Enforcement of arbitration awards is granted by the judgment of a court. Resulting from this, appeals for arbitration awards are not allowed, however, up to three appeals for the enforcement of awards are allowed in court. As such, the enforcement system for arbitration awards needs to be improved and simplified.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.81-92
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the present situation of the landscape management - which encompasses landscape ordinance, planning, and agreement - in regards to the Shiga prefecture and Omihachiman city to explore sustained landscape preservation and management methods, and to deduce the implications of the establishment of rural landscape planning and landscape administration. The conclusion is summarized as follows. First, the landscape ordinance should be operated so that the practical landscape management is suitable to the characteristics of local governments. Second, landscape management should be based on zoning. The landscape plan should start with defining the types and characteristics of the landscapes at each site and subdividing the landscape areas accordingly. Third, the restriction of conduct and the promotion of autonomous landscape activities should be employed as the two axes of landscape administration. Beautiful and healthy landscapes can be achieved through collective efforts of the community, and this requires voluntary practice amongst individuals and administrative regulations to achieve so. Fourth, meticulous, dimensional and practical landscape plans should be established. In order to effectively preserve, form and manage the essential landscape elements and resources of the area, the starting landscape plan should be more definitively outlined. Finally, it is necessary to change the perception of landscape. In order to relish beautiful and healthy scenery, it is critical to recognize the value of the attentive efforts and dedication of each member of the community that stimulates the objective.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.123-156
• /
• 2004

Settlement of investment disputes is quite different from that of commercial disputes arising from ordinary commercial transactions in view of disputing parties, applicable laws and rules, etc.. Therefore, it is very important to consider the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States(Washington Convention) of 1965. The creation of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes(ICSID), which was established under the Washington Convention, was the belief that an institution specially designed to facilitate the settlement of investment disputes between governments and foreign investors could help to promote increased flows of international investment. Pursuant to the Washington Convention, ICSID provides facilities for the conciliation and arbitration of disputes between member countries and investors who qualify as nationals of other member countries. Recourse to ICSID conciliation and arbitration is entirely voluntary. However, once the parties have consented to arbitration under the Washington Convention, neither can unilaterally withdraw its consent. Moreover, all Contracting States of the Washington Convention are required by the Convention to recognize and enforce ICSID arbitral awards. Provisions on ICSID arbitration are commonly found in investment contracts between governments of member countries and investors from other member countries. Advance consents by governments to submit investment disputes to ICSID arbitration can also be found in many bilateral investment treaties including the Korea-China Agreement on the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments(1992), the Korea-Japan Agreement for the Liberalization, Promotion and Protection of Investment(2003) and the Korea-Chile FTA, the latter was signed as of February 15, 2003 and is still pending in the National Assembly for its ratification. Arbitration under the auspices of ICSID is similarly one of the main mechanism for the settlement of investment disputes under the bilateral treaties on investment. Therefore, it is a problem of vital importance that Korean parties interested in investment to foreign countries should understand and cope with the settlement mechanism of investment disputes under the Washington Convention and bilateral investment treaties.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.373-381
• /
• 2016

Before the Conference of Parties (COP) 21 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015, most parties of UNFCCC had submitted their intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) and to achieve their voluntary targets, some parties consider using international market mechanisms. As one of such mechanisms, Japan promoted its own bilateral mechanism called Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM). In this study, feasibility studies and projects under JCM have been analyzed by project type, sector, country and region, which could provide some implications in designing Korea's future climate policy to achieve Korea's targets of 11.7% using international market mechanism in INDC. Since 2010, JCM has promoted 542 projects and feasibility studies in 44 countries according to the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) database. Among 542 projects, about 80% were feasibility studies implying that JCM was more focused on project identification. However, current trends of JCM show that more projects will be soon implemented based on these feasibility studies. For sectoral categorization, projects were categorized into seven sectors-energy technology, energy efficiency, renewable energy, waste management, city, strategic planning and projects related to the country's efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). JCM projects were mitigation focused with more than 70% of projects were related to energy efficiency, renewable energy and energy technology. At the regional and country level, JCM is highly focused on Asia and especially, more than 100 projects were developed in Indonesia. Based on the analysis of JCM, in order to develop bilateral international mechanism for Korea, it is worthwhile to emphasize that Korea considers Asian countries as her partner. In addition, Korea may consider the collaboration with Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to implement projects identified by Korea and Asian partner countries. Furthermore, strategically, it is recommendable to develop jointly with Japan who has already capacity and networks with other Asian countries to mitigate GHG emissions. Such financial resources from MDBs and Japan may contribute to meet the 11.3% of GHG reduction target from abroad according to INDC of Korea.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.168-179
• /
• 2001

Spirituality has been found as a factor that may influence an individual's health and response to illness and dying. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Howden's Spiritual Assessment Scale(SAS). The SAS was developed based on the attributes of spirituality and constructed with 28 items, 4 subscales. The translation involved four steps : translation into Korean, checking agreement, back translation into English, and arriving at a consensus. Psychometric evaluation was done on 222 nurses from five hospitals. All responses were voluntary and anonymous. The Cronbach's alpa coefficient for internal consistency was .928 for the total 28 items and .700${\sim}$.805 for subdimensions. Item- total correlations ranged from .36${\sim}$.68. Principal Component Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation yielded four factors with four or more items each loading at .40 or higher. These factors explained 51.3% of the total variance. The items clustered in this study were almost identical with initial scale. There was positive correlation(r=.648, p=.0001) between SAS and Ellison & Paloutzian's Spiritual Wellbeing Scale and negative correlation(r=-.418, p=.000) with Pines' Burnout Scale which indicate convergent and discriminant validity. In conclusion, this tool can be effectively utilized for assessing spirituality in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.67-73
• /
• 1995

This study showed that models of energy utilization(EU) developed for grazing cattle in oil palm plantations is valid as the simulated results shows an agreement with actual data of calves and cows body weight changes collected from Brahman x Kedah-Kelantan herd on Pengeli Timor Plantation. Simulation runs on EU models demonstrated that the growth pattern of male and female calves and the weight changes of cows are similar and showed slight variation from the actual data but with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Parameter values such as metabolizability (q), dry matter digestibility(DMD) of herbage and voluntary intake of grazing cattle (VIG) and faecal output/body weight ratio (F) of the animals which were collected from the field are essential in bearing the pattern of body weight changes of the calves and cows in relation to increase in time, physiological status and quality of herbage grazed by these animals in the production system. The EU models is suitable for determining the metabolizable energy requirements and to predict the production of grazing cattle according to quality of the feed on offer.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.108-122
• /
• 2009

Purpose of this research about reduction the scholastic systematic triangular position of the security guard martial art which repeats a development is insufficient with demand of the while society to recognize and for the philosophic value research of security guard martial art composition principle puts out with the one method and from the reporter to search the aesthetics which appears does. In order to attain the goal of the research which sees the literature which relates with an security guard martial art widly, was an investigation and observed the aesthetics from concept and martial art of aesthetics and this the technical free use ability from actual site of the technical find which leads the practice voluntary repetition practice of security guard martial art with character and the body guard aesthetic integral part experience possibly did, there being will be able to acquire an aesthetic inspiration, confirmed. So the security guard martial art follows the composition principle of maximization central attitude and shock point breath control and mental intensive etc. of reinforcement of direction shock of relativity redundancy mental moral culture body agreement characteristic force and relaxation force and is completed and will be able to embody an aesthetic value with aesthetic elements of technical polishing process inside goes about reduction.

• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.48-58
• /
• 2010

The aim of this study was performed to determine the inter-rater reliability of the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM) translated in Korean. This was a new clinical measurement tool for evaluating the recovery of voluntary movement and basic mobility following stroke. A direct-observation reliability study was conducted on 20 patients who had strokes and were in a rehabilitation setting. Subjects were assessed by two physical therapists. The reliability of the STREAM scores was demonstrated by weighted kappa statistics for inter-rater agreement on scores for individual items ranged from .83 to 1.0, intraclass correlation coefficients for total score was .99, and for subscale scores was ranged from .96 to .99. The internal consistency of the STREAM scores was demonstrated by Cronbach alphas of greater than .99 on the subscales and overall. These high levels of reliability support the use of the STREAM translated in Korean instrument for the measurement of motor recovery following stroke.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.41-55
• /
• 2009

This study explored the meaning of beginning teachers' first-year experience in an eco child educare center. Participants were 4 teachers at survival stages of teacher development; they had had the same preservice experience. Data were collected by semi-structured in-depth interviews, participant observation, researcher's field notes, and document collection. Five themes emerged as first year teachers' struggles and strategies for survival : (1) caring for children's daily lives vs. responsibility for formal education, (2) planned lessons vs. ease in teaching, (3) agreement or disagreement on philosophy of running the education program, (4) paradox of teacher empowerment, (5) overcoming struggle through voluntary peer supervision. These results indicated that beginning teacher' experiences at the survival stage varied by contextual and personal factors.