• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.325-358
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• 2011

The purpose of this study aims to analyse the implications of volume contract clause with Rotterdam Rules. The Hague-Visby Rules have been in force this jurisdiction for over 30 years. In those three decades they have performed valiant service, both for the development of maritime law in this country and for the countless parties from around the world who have chosen courts and arbitral tribunals in London for the resolution of disputes arising under bills of lading or under charterparties incorporating the Hague-Visby Rules. While the Hague-Visby Rules apply only to bills of lading or any other similar documents of title and hence all other contracts of carriage are not subject to the current regime, this is not the case for the Rotterdam Rules which, broadly speaking, apply to contracts of carriage whether or not a shipping document or electronic transport record is issued. To preserve freedom of contract where necessary, however, a number of significant concessions were made and Article 80 represents one of the most controversial: that of volume contracts. However, the provision lends itself to abuse under each one of the elements as there is no minimum quantity, period of time or frequency and the minimum number of shipments is clearly just two. This means that important contracts of affreighment concluded pursuant to, for example, oil supply agreements have the same right to be excluded from the scope of application of the Rotterdam Rules. The fact that a volume contract may incorporate by reference the carrier's public schedule of services and the transport document or other similar documents as terms of the contract would make a carefully drafted booking note for consecutive shipments a potential volume contract as well.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.183-197
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• 2014

1. This study focuses on recent developments of trade transaction between Korea and China. The volume of trade is most rapidly increasing. There have been many items considered to ensure the proper, impartial, and rapid settlement of disputes in private laws by international arbitration. The article contains recent tendencies and proceedings of cases including place of arbitration, language, and so on. 2. The contract made between parties has led to some interpretational, legal questions. Interpretational questions rise mainly from differences of legal systems and legal questions on applying law. The characteristic features of the contract have different meanings, so some articles of the contract can be construed unlawful as a result. 3. As regards the Arbitration Act of Korea, Article 10, the Arbitration Agreement and Interim Measures by Court stipulate the following: A party to an arbitration agreement may request from a court art interim a measure of protection before or during arbitral proceedings. This article examines the application of Article 10 of the Arbitration Act of Korea.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.57-66
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• 2022

Claims and disputes are major causes of cost and schedule overruns in the construction business. In order to manage claims and disputes effectively, it is necessary to analyze various types of contract documents punctually and accurately. Since volume of such documents is so vast, analyzing them in a timely manner is practically very challenging. Recently developed approaches such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning algorithms, and natural language processing (NLP) have been applied to various topics in the field of construction contract and claim management. Based on the systematic literature review, this paper analyzed the goals, methodologies, and application results of such approaches. AI methods applied to construction contract management are classified into several categories. This study identified possibilities and limitations of the application of such approaches. This study contributes to providing the directions for how such approaches should be applied to contract management for future studies, which will eventually lead to more effective management of claims and disputes.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2024

본 연구는 김치제조업체 D기업에 원료배추를 공급하는 산지유통인과 배추 주산지 농가 간 계약생산을 대상으로 사례 계약생산의 주체별 역할을 규명하고 계약생산에 의한 계약지역의 농업 변화를 설명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 결과 계약지역에서 배추농업을 주도하는 핵심 주체는 농업인으로부터 산지유통인으로 변화되고 있음이 확인되었다. 첫째, 산지유통인은 주산지 배추농업 의사결정의 핵심 주체로서 생산의 전과정을 총괄하면서 계약지역 배추농업 전반을 통제함에 따라 농업인의 역할을 대체하고 있다. 둘째, 산지유통인은 계약농가의 후반기 농작업을 전담함에 따라 배추 주산지에서 농업인에 버금가는 핵심적인 영농 주체로 부상하고 있다. 이는 계약 물량 확보 및 품질 관리에 대한 산지유통인의 요구와 고령농의 증가 및 인력 부족 문제를 겪고 있는 주산지 농가의 요구가 맞아 떨어진 결과라 할 수 있다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.94-102
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 건설공사보험 확대의 당위성을 분석하고 확대를 위한 예산소요를 추정하였다. 건설공사 손해배상보험은 국가계약법, 지방계약법 등 관련법규에서 의무화하고 있으며, 건설공사의 수행 중에 발생하는 예기치 못한 사고로 인한 사업목적물이나 재산상 손해의 배상을 위하여 가입하고 있다. 현재 200억 이상 PQ공사 및 대형공사만을 의무가입대상으로 공공발주자가 보험료를 지원하고 있다. 의무가입 대상 공사의 경우 발주자가 보험료를 부담하지만, 200억 미만 공공공사의 경우 업체가 자기부담으로 손해를 배상해야 하는 형평성문제가 발생한다. 비의무대상 공사라도 많은 경우가 자기비용으로 보험을 가입하고 있으며, 민간 공사의 경우도 건설공사보험 가입이 많은 것으로 나타난다. 건설공사보험을 가입하면 건설업체의 부족한 사고관리능력을 보험회사로부터 지원받아 안정적인 조업이 가능하게 된다. 따라서 중소업체에 대한 보호와 중소규모 공사의 조업안정성을 위해 200억 이상 공공공사에만 의무화 되어 있는 현재 규제를 개선하여 중소 규모 공사까지 가입 범위를 확대시킬 필요가 있다. 비의무가입 공사의 최근 3년 평균 비중은 46%이며, 보험사의 보험료율에 근거한 원가반영율은 0.2%로 산출된다. 여기에 공종별 위험도를 감안하면 비의무가입 공사의 원가반영율은 0.13%로 추정된다. 이에 따라 향후 200억 이하 공사에 대한 보험 가입을 위해 공공공사 발주가 35조원 규모라면 209억원, 40조원이라면 239억원의 예산이 추가로 필요할 것으로 추정된다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1283-1287
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• 2009

The Korean government implemented 259 road projects from 2004 to 2007, valued at $18.4 billion. Change orders of these road projects occurred 8,973 times and, subsequently, caused significant increases in the cost of the projects, approximately up to $4.2 billion (22.8% of the initial budget). These significant problems of huge change orders require a more workable control system for budget management whereas the effectiveness of the government's control is still not satisfied. However, previous approaches and studies mostly limited their analyses to simply classifying the causes of the change orders. This paper investigates the real frequency and cost impacts incurred by each cause of a change order, primarily based on 218 road projects in Korea. The paper then identifies the attributes of change orders through a survey of 204 project participants in that those sources were inevitable or avoided if properly managed. The causes of the change orders are further analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) in connection with contract volume, bid award rate, the contractor's capacity to perform, and the design company's capacity. This study found that if the contract volume is smaller, then the possibility of change orders is higher. Interestingly, if the bid award rate is less than 67.5%, it signifies the highest rate of change orders. In addition, the contractors whose construction ability is assessed as the top-ranked group showed the lowest change order rates. With these results, this paper provides the preventive guidelines for reducing the likelihood of change orders.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.319-353
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• 2006

본 논문은 날씨파생상품이 전기도매시장에서의 가격 및 수량 위험의 헤지수단으로서 활용될 수 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 또한 일별 수준의 가격과 물량이 아니라 여름기간 동안의 전기도매시장에서의 전기구입 비용 혹은 전기판매 수입을 대상으로 하여 날씨관련 계약형태의 위험헤지효과를 살펴보았다. 날씨관련 계약들이 전기도매시장의 시장신호를 더 잘 보전하고 있으며, 도매전기 구입관련 금융위험을 더 잘 헤지함을 발견하였다. 전기도매시장에서 선물계약과 날씨파생상품을 결합하였을 경우, 더운 날의 경우 높은 전기생산비용이 가격에 반영되며, 전기판매 수입 혹은 전기구입 비용의 변동성이 현저히 낮아진다는 것을 발견하였다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.145-167
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• 2007

Digital goods are defined as intangible and non-physical goods, composed of a combination of digital signals, electronically represented as 0 and 1. They are also called as digital products, electronic transmissions, information goods, digital contents, computer information, etc. Digital goods are now traded both domestically and internationally as well as on-line and off-line. Korean government revised the Basic Law on Foreign Trade to include digital goods and services as the scope of foreign trade in 2001. Trade volume of digital goods are increasing in Korea. The supply chains of digital goods from producing the components to selling globally to consumers are different from conventional physical goods. Mostly, digital goods are traded on the license basis rather than ownership contract. End User License Agreements(EULAs), such as shrink-wrap, click- wrap, or browser-wrap licenses are very popular in online transactions. Unlike conventional physical goods. the breach of license contract is closely linked with the infringement of intellectual property rights. Digitalized intellectual property is easy to copy and transmit in the cyber space. In cases of legal disputes from the breach of license contract, commercial arbitration or on-line alternative dispute resolutions(ADRs) are regarded as better approach to solve them rather than court sues. For promoting more secure and reliable international trade of digital goods. arbitration clauses should be included in most of license contracts.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제50권
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• pp.139-161
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• 2011

The retroactive insurance is the system that the Assured, the principal of insurance contract shall be entitled to recover for insured(beneficiary in insurance of persons) loss during the period of insurance covered by this insurance, not withstanding that the loss had occurred before the contract of insurance concluded. The retroactive insurance is applicable to both property insurance and insurance of persons. The commercial law of Korea stipulates its rules in the insurance volume. The ultimate and definite articles of cargo insurance about the retroactive insurance are stipulated in MIA and ICC. In general insurance of persons stipulates relevant articles in the clause. Even though articles pertinent to the retroactive insurance are written explicitly in relevant law, it is difficult to settle the claim just by using specified rules of related regulations. Therefore, a claim is settled down based on the actual facts. After studying some of the actual dispute facts connected with the retroactive insurance having properties mentioned, this paper suggests controversial points and alternative ideas.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2006년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.435-439
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• 2006

본 연구는 건설공사 불가변동으로 인한 계약금액조정을 함에 있어 산출과정에 있어서의 문제점과 물가변동 조정 후 설계변경이 수반될 때 물가상승액이 변경되면서 일어나는 비합리적인 정산방식과 법적인 문제점에 대한 개선방안을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 계약관리자를 대상으로 한 설문조사와 건설공사사례를 분석하였고 그 결과로 물가변동제도의 대한 문제점을 분석하였다. 위와 같은 과정을 통해 계약금액조정에 판한 개선방안 및 산식을 제안하였다. 상기와 같은 목적과 방법에 따라 수행된 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 계약금액조정에 대한 개선방안으로는 합계단가로 비목군편성, 물가변동 조정 후 설계변경 수반시 증가된 물량 또는 신규품목에 대하여 설계변경당시 시점으로 물가변동 산출 등을 제시하였다. 2) 물가변동으로 인한 계약금액조정 후 설계변경이 수반될 경우 발생하는 기존물량 삭제 또는 물가변동제외금액 이하로 수량이 변경되는 경우와 수량 변경이 없는 경우에 대한 물가상승액 정산산식을 제안하였다.