• ETRI Journal
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.414-426
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• 2021

In the task of data routing in Internet of Things enabled volatile underwater environments, providing better transmission and maximizing network communication performance are always challenging. Many network issues such as void holes and network isolation occur because of long routing distances between nodes. Void holes usually occur around the sink because nodes die early due to the high energy consumed to forward packets sent and received from other nodes. These void holes are a major challenge for I-UWSANs and cause high end-to-end delay, data packet loss, and energy consumption. They also affect the data delivery ratio. Hence, this paper presents an energy efficient watchman based flooding algorithm to address void holes. First, the proposed technique is formally verified by the Z-Eves toolbox to ensure its validity and correctness. Second, simulation is used to evaluate the energy consumption, packet loss, packet delivery ratio, and throughput of the network. The results are compared with well-known algorithms like energy-aware scalable reliable and void-hole mitigation routing and angle based flooding. The extensive results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than the benchmark techniques.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1877-1889
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• 1992

본 연구에서는 업셋팅의 변형해석 및 온도해석(열전달 해석)을 비연계 방식으 로 동시에 해석하고 실제 공정에 가깝게 접근하는 축대칭 열점소성 유한요소 프로그램 을 이용하여, 시뮬레이션에 의해 공정을 해석하여 불량감소 및 원가절감을 위해 단조 공정을 개선하는 것이다. 업셋팅공정의 연구에 있어서는 대형강괴의 주 불량요인인 기공의 소멸을 위한 공정방안을 연구하는데 있다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 위상최적화 알고리즘의 수렴성을 개선하기 위해 설계영역에 초기 구멍을 도입하는 방법을 제시하는데, 이것은 경계면에 기초한 최적화 방법의 느린 수렴성을 완화하기 위해, Eschenauer et al.에 의해 고안된 버블 방법의 설계영역 안에 구멍을 도입하는 개념과 연계된다. 버블 방법과 달리, 제안된 방법에서는 최적화 과정동안 구멍의 위치를 정의하는 특성함수를 이용하지 않고, 최적화 초기화 단계에서만 초기 구멍을 도입하는데, 이러한 초기 설계영역 안의 솔리드와 보이드 영역들은 고정되는 것이 아니라 합쳐지거나 쪼개지면서 변화된다. 따라서 위상최적화 알고리즘에서 구멍의 이동에 관련된 복잡한 수치적인 계산 없이 자동적으로 설계변수의 유한변화를 더욱 강화시키기 때문에 목적함수 값의 수렴성을 개선할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 치수와 형상의 구멍을 포함하는 초기 설계영역을 가지는 Michell형 보의 위상 최적설계를 밀도분포법으로 불리는 SIMP를 이용하여 수행하였다. 이를 통해 위상최적화의 수렴성을 개선하고 최적위상과 형상에 영향을 미치는 초기 구멍의 효과를 검증하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1390-1411
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• 2024

Underwater Wireless Sensors Networks (UWSNs) are deployed in remotely monitored environment such as water level monitoring, ocean current identification, oil detection, habitat monitoring and numerous military applications. Providing scalable and efficient routing is very challenging in UWSNs due to the harsh underwater environment. The biggest difficulties are the nodes inherent movement due to water current, long delay in data transmission, low bandwidth of the acoustic signal, high error rate and energy scarcity in battery powered nodes. Many routing protocols have been proposed to solve the aforementioned problems. There are three broad categories of routing protocols namely depth based, energy based and vector-based routing. Vector Based Forwarding protocols perform routing through virtual pipeline by defining their radius which give proper direction to packets communication. We proposed a routing protocol termed as Path-Oriented Energy Scaled Expanded Vector Based Forwarding (PESEVBF). PESEVBF takes into account all parameters; holding time, the source nodes packets routing path and void holes creation on the second hop; PESEVBF not only considers the packet upward advancement but also focus on density of the forwarded nodes in terms of number of potential forwarding and suppressed nodes for path selection. Node selection in resultant holding time is based on minimum Path Factor (PF) value. Moreover, the suppressed node will be selected for packet forwarding to avoid the void holes occurrences on the second hop. Performance of PESEVBF is compared with other routing protocols using matrices such as energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, packets dropping ratio and duplicate packets creation indicating considerable performance improvement.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.362-367
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• 2007

Stent is a tiny structure made with either ceramic coating and/or bare metal. Being approximately $1{\sim}2 mm$ in diameter, it consists of holes, slots, or void space and is designed to cover entire medical lesions. Stent implantation into patients' arteries has been practiced for a little more than a decade in order to widen the blocked artery. The adoption of the stent has significantly improved the efficacy when compared with the previous medical practice by balloon angioplasty alone. Yet better biomedical performance of the stent is being demanded in order to eliminate the still existing problem of artery restenosis, which means the artery becomes narrowed again. Recent literature survey shows researches on ceramic coatings onto the stent surface, or material design to improve the mechanical response of the stent. This study focuses more on the material design and mechanical analysis. The results showed that the void configuration within the stent affects the mechanical response significantly. The rectangular shape was found to yield expansion at a relatively lower pressure than the elliptical slot for a slotted tube stent. The present results, when combined with research on coating at the stent surface, may provide stents with improved bio-medical performance.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.321-325
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• 2008

위치정보기반 라우팅을 이용하는 무선 센서망은 자연환경 혹은 센서 노드들의 불균형적인 에너지 소비로 인한 라우팅 홀(hole)로 인해 높은 통신 장애 가능성이 존재한다. 이에 대해 연구된 대부분의 기법들은 그런 라우팅 홀을 우회하는 방법으로 접근하는 경향을 보인다. 그러나 홀 우회를 위한 라우팅은 홀 주변 센서노드들의 불균형적인 에너지 소비를 유도하기 때문에, 그들의 통신장애 및 네트워크 수명에 장애를 발생시킬 수 있다. 우리는 이미 홀 우회를 위한 라우팅 방안을 제안하였지만, 그 또한 갖는 문제점 때문에 가우시안 함수를 활용하여 그 연구에 대한 확장 방안을 새롭게 제안한다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.253-262
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• 2004

Construction of tunnels in a deep crystalline host rock for a potential High-Level Radioactive Waste(HLW) repository inevitably generates an excavation disturbed zone (EDZ). There have been a series of debates on whether a permeability in an EDZ increases or not and what would be the maximum depth of an EDZ. Recent studies show mixed opinions on permeability. However, there has been an international consensus on the thickness of an EDZ; 30 cm for TBM and 1 meter for controlled blast. One of the impacts of an EDZ is on determining the distance between adjacent deposition holes. The void gap by the excavation hinders relaxation of temperature profiles so that the current Korean reference designing distance between holes should be stretched out more to keep the maximum temperature in a buffer region below 100 degrees Celsius. The other impact of an EDZ is on the long-term post closure radiological safety. To estimate the impact, the reference scenario, the well scenario, is chosen. Released nuclides diffuse through a bentonite buffer region experiencing strong sorption and reach a fracture surrounded by a porous medium. Inside a fractured porous region, radionuclides migrate by advection and dispersion with matrix diffusion into a porous medium. Finally, they reach a well assumed to be a source of potable water for local residents. The annual individual dose is assessed on this well scenario to find out the significance of an EDZ. A profound sensitivity study was performed, but all results show that the impact is negligible. Even though the role of an EDZ turns out to be limited on overall safety assessment, still it is worthwhile to study the chemical role of an EDZ, such as a potential source for natural colloids, potential sealing of an open fracture by fine clay particles generated by the process of an EDZ, and alteration of a sorption mechanism by an EDZ in the future.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.225-235
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• 2020

초음파 탐상은 다양한 콘크리트 구조물의 비파괴검사에서 활용된다. 본 연구에서는 골재형상을 고려한 골재-모르타르 모델 생성과 초음파 전파 해석을 수행하였다. 실제 골재형상을 반영하기 위해 이미지처리를 통한 골재-모르타르 단면으로부터 모르타르와 골재 영역을 파악하고, 영역 경계형상을 보존하면서 격자를 생성하는 기법을 개발하였다. 개발된 기법에서는 모든 격자가 4각형으로 생성된다. 골재-모르타르 모델을 통해 초음파 전파 해석을 수행하였고 모델을 반무한체로 간주하기 위해 CALM 기반 경계흡수 조건을 적용하였다. 골재 및 결함을 포함한 이미지로부터 격자를 생성한 뒤, 결함 영역에 포함된 격자를 제거하여 공극결함을 모사하였다. 본격적인 결함탐지 전 선행 해석을 통해 모델 동특성을 고려한 적절한 가진 주파수를 결정 및 가진 신호형상을 설계하였다. 이후 case 별초음파 전파 해석을 통해 신호를 획득하고 신호 에너지 맵핑 작업을 통해 내부 결함을 가시화 하였다. 가시화 결과, 골재에 의한 다수반사 및 산란현상이 관찰되지만 결함부에서 신호 에너지는 가장 높게 나타났으며 모든 해석 case에서 결함위치 추정이 가능하였다. 또한 균열의 경우 형상파악도 가능하였다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.603-609
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• 2022

Passivation quality is mainly governed by epitaxial growth of crystalline silicon wafer surface. Void-rich intrinsic a-Si:H interfacial layer could offer higher resistivity of the c-Si surface and hence a better device efficiency as well. To reduce the resistivity of the contact area, a modification of void-rich intrinsic layer of a-Si:H towards more ordered state with a higher density is adopted by adapting its thickness and reducing its series resistance significantly, but it slightly decreases passivation quality. Higher resistance is not dominated by asymmetric effects like different band offsets for electrons or holes. In this study, multilayer of intrinsic a-Si:H layers were used. The first one with a void-rich was a-Si:H(I₁) and the next one a-SiO_x:H(I₂) were used, where a-SiO_x:H(I₂) had relatively larger band gap of ~2.07 eV than that of a-Si:H (I₁). Using a-SiO_x:H as I₂ layer was expected to increase transparency, which could lead to an easy carrier transport. Also, higher implied voltage than the conventional structure was expected. This means that the a-SiO_x:H could be a promising material for a high-quality passivation of c-Si. In addition, the i-a-SiO_x:H microstructure can help the carrier transportation through tunneling and thermal emission.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.383-390
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• 2006

Having its roots in medical applications, industrial gamma ray CT has opened up new roads far investigating and modeling industrial processes. Using a line of research related to industrial gamma ray CT, the authors set up a system of single source and detector gamma transmission tomography for wood timber and a packed bed phantom. The hardware of the CT system consists of two servo motors, a data logger, a computer, a radiation source and a radiation detector. One motor simultaneously moves the source and the detector for a parallel beam scanning, whereas the other motor rotates the scan table at a preset projection angle. The image is reconstructed from the measured projections by the filtered back projection method. The phantom was designed to simulate a cross section of a packed bed with a void. The radiation source was 20mCi of Cs-137 and the detector was a 1 inch $\times$ 1 inch NaI (TI) scintillator shielded by a lead collimator. The experimental gamma ray CT image has sufficient resolution to reveal air holes and the density distribution inside the phantom. The system could possibly be applied to a packed bed column or a pipe flow in a petrochemical plant.