• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.1 s.85
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• pp.75-83
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to investigate effect of blanching time on changes in vitamin and mineral contents in leafy vegetables treated by different pesticides. Vitamin A content of fresh leafy vegetables was high whorled mallow > chard > spinach in order and vitamin C content of those was high spinach > whorled mallow > chard in order. Vitamin A and C contents of leafy vegetables treated by non-systemic pesticide were higher than those of leafy vegetables treated by systemic pesticide. Changes in vitamin A and C contents of leafy vegetables treated by systemic pesticide and non-systemic pesticide showed a similar trend. Vitamin A content significantly increased, while vitamin C content significantly decreased by conventional blanching. Changes in mineral contents in leafy vegetables treated by systemic pesticide and non-systemic pesticide showed a similar trend. Upon conventional blanching, Mg in spinach, Mg and Ca in chard and whorled mallow slightly increased, while K in all leafy vegetables remarkably decreased, and Se in spinach slightly decreased and Se in other vegetables remarkably decreased. On the other hand, Na, P, Fe, Cu and Zn in all leafy vegetables slightly decreased or did not show any change.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2022

In this study, a comparative dissolution experiment was conducted between an immediate-release and a controlled-release vitamin C tablet applied with a technology to control the dissolution of vitamin C to maintain the vitamin C level in the human body. In order to confirm the dissolution rate (%) of vitamin C tablets, HPLC determination was conducted based on the dissolution test methods in the 'Korean Pharmacopoeia (No. 2020-88),' 'Guidelines on Specifications of Dissolution Tests for Oral dosage Forms,' and 'Standard and Specifications for Health Functional Foods (No. 2020-63)' from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). In addition, the dissolution pattern between the immediate-release tablet and the controlled-release tablet was comparatively analyzed. The analysis result confirmed that the immediate-release vitamin C tablet was 100% dissolved after 45 minutes, while the controlled-release vitamin C tablet was 100% dissolved after 480 minutes (8 hours). Furthermore, the dissolution rate (%) at 60 minutes was slower than that of the immediate-release vitamin C tablet. Based on these results, this study confirmed that the dissolution rate (%) test and development of controlled-release tablets containing vitamin C as the main component a re possible.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.411-416
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• 2005

Vitamin U(S-methylmethionin) levels were affected by cultivars, portion and storage times in Kimchi made from Korean Chinese cabbages. From this study, the outward parts contained high levels of vitamin U in two cultivars of Winter Pride and 55 days. Vitamin U levels in Kimchi during storage were increased during fermentation at $4^{\circ}C$. Leaf parts were 1.1-5.2 times higher in vitamin U levels than midribs in both cultivars. The levels of vitamin U were shown highest in outward leaf parts of 55 days cultivars. Like vitamin U, free amino acid also showed much higher levels in leaves. Levels of amino acids showed similarly changing patterns at different parts and cultivars of Korean Chinese cabbages in Kimchi. Threonine, alanine and proline appeared relatively abundant amino acids in most parts of sample. Moreover, methionine as a precursor of vitamin U has been reported that leaf parts contained the higher levels than midrib parts. But methionine was shown most core leaf parts. Methionine as a precursor of vitamin U, may not play a role in an increase of vitamin U of Korean Chinese cabbages in Kimchi.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.69-79
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• 2004

A feeding trial was conducted to determine whether dietary vitamin C (200 mg/kg) and vitamin E (250 mg/kg) prevent any drops in egg shell quality under heat stress in broiler breeder hens. One hundred and sixty molted Ross broiler breeders were housed randomly in an individual cage at 83 weeks of age. Four dietary treatments with forty hens and four replications per treatment were control (no additional vitamins). vitamin C-. or vitamin E-supplemented. and combined supplementation of the two vitamins. After a ten-day-adaptation period at 25 $^{\circ}C$. the ambient temperature was kept at 32 $^{\circ}C$ for a three-week-testing period. Egg production dropped dramatically over week but it did not show a significant change among treatments (P<0.05). However. egg weight. SG. shell thickness. SWUSA. puncture force and shell breaking strength of the birds fed the diet with the combined vitamins C and E were significantly improved than those fed the basal diet during the heat stress period (P<0.05). The hens fed the vitamin C supplemented diet showed a tibia breaking strength of 37.16 kg statistically higher than those of the basal and the vitamin E supplemented groups (P<0.05). The hens fed the basal diet showed higher serum corticosterone levels. a mean of 5.97 ng/ml. than those of the rest of treatments (P<0.05). The heat stress elevated heterophils but decreased lymphocytes in serum. and it changed H/L ratios of all the treatments. The increases in H/L ratios were alleviated in the bird by feeding vitamin C and/or vitamin E supplemented diets. but they did not differ significantly (P<0.05). In conclusion. vitamins C (200 mg/kg) and/or E (250 mg/kg) supplementation to diets could prevent drops in egg shell quality and tibia bone strength by alleviating stressful effects from high temperature in broiler breeder hens.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.468-472
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• 2006

This paper was described that the preparation of polymetylmethacrylate (PMMA) microsphere and coating of vitamin C onto surface of the prepared PMMA microsphere for application of cosmetic materials. The PMMA microsphere with various sizes can be obtained by change of reaction condition such as reaction temperature and reaction time. The coating of vitamin C on the surface of PMMA microsphere by using cyclodextrin as binder can be achieved to 30 wt-% in water/ethanol mixture. The vitamin C coated with cyclodextrin was stabilized during 56 days at $40^{\circ}C$. The color of the coated Vitamin C was changed from white to dark yellow after 14 days at $40^{\circ}C$. The vitamin C coated with cyclodextrin on the surface of PMMA microsphere can be sufficiently used for cosmetic materials.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.276-287
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• 2008

Diabetic mellitus in an older population is associated with increased basal oxidative stress and free radical accentuated by hyperglycemic challenge. Enhanced free radical in diabetic elderly can cause the oxidative damage and such damage can be protected by antioxidant defense system. It is believed that vitamin C, A and E are the most abundant and effective antioxidants in human plasma. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant status in Korean diabetic elderly using the case-control study. The antioxidant status was examined by determining plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, A, E, ${\beta}$-carotene), total antioxidant status (TAS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and intakes of vitamin C, A, ${\beta}$-carotene and retiol. Fasting glucose and HbA1c levels and serum lipid profiles (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) were also determined. Diabetic subjects were 122 elderly persons over 60 years old, visiting public health center, and control subjects were 96 healthy elderly persons living in Ulsan, Korea and they were matched by age, gender, smoking and drinking status. The diabetic and control subjects were divided into sub-groups according to the status of using diet therapy and vitamin supplement. The subjects were interviewed to collect data on their general characteristics, disease history, vitamin supplement, diet therapy and health-related habits by questionnaires. Their dietary intakes were obtained by means of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (SQFFQ). Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels were significantly higher in diabetes than in control subjects, and plasma total cholesterol level of diabetes was not significantly different from that of control subjects. However serum HDL cholesterol level of diabetes was significantly lower and serum TG level of diabetes was significantly higher than those of control group. The average vitamin A and ${\beta}$-carotene intakes of diabetes were significantly higher than those of control subjects. There was no significant difference in plasma vitamin C, ${\beta}$-carotene, and TBARS levels between two groups, but plasma vitamin A, E and TAS levels were significantly higher in diabetes than those in control group. Plasma vitamin A and TAS levels of diabetic subjects using diet therapy were higher than those of control using diet therapy, and plasma vitamin E, ${\beta}$-carotene and TAS levels of diabetic subjects using vitamin supplements were significantly higher than those of controls using vitamin supplements. These results suggested that diabetic mellitus could enhance antioxidant defences against reactive oxygen species and interest in healthy eating such as consumption of more antioxidant nutrients.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2005

This study was done to investigate effects of antioxidant supplementation on phytohemagglutinin (PHA) -stimulated interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in elderly women. This study was designed as a placebo-controlled, single-blinded, randomized intervention trial. Twenty four elderly women aged over 60 years, visitings social welfare center in Seoul were divided into 3 groups, placebo (n = 8), vitamin C supplemented (n = 8) , and vitamin E supplemented (n = 8) groups. Experimental groups were given either 1000mg of L-ascorbic acid or 400 ill of d- $\alpha$-tocopherol for 4 weeks. There was no significant difference in antioxidant vitamins intakes and their plasma levels among pre-intervention groups. Plasma vitamin C or E levels was significantly increased after vitamin C or E sup-plementations. The increases of plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels in the placebo group were significantly higher than those of the supplemented 2 groups. There were no significant differences in the changes of plasma IL-2 level between pre- and post-intervention among the 3 groups. However there was a significant increase in PHA­stimulated IL-2 production by PBMCs after 4-week vitamin E or vitamin C supplementation. Particularly, vitamin E supplemented group showed a higher PHA-stimulated IL-2 production than vitamin C supplemented group. These results indicate that vitamin E or vitamin C supplementation might enhance mitogen-stimulated cytokine production by immune cells, which could be one of the factors to improve health status in the elderly.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2004

Body antioxidant status is an important factor for the prevention of many chronic diseases in the elderly. This study was done to investigate antioxidant status and its relationship to immune response by measuring plasma cytokine (IL-2 and IL-6) levels in elderly women. Subjects were 76 elderly women aged over 60 years, visiting Jangwhi Social Welfare Center of Seongbook-Gu in Seoul. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to age (< 65, 65 - 74, > 75). Dietary intakes were assessed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (SFFQ). Plasma vitamin C level was measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method and plasma levels of vitamin E, A and ${\beta}$-carotene were measured by HPLC. Plasma levels of IL-2 and IL-6 were determined with a solid phase sandwich enzyme linked-immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) using commercial kits. The average intakes of antioxidant vitamins were 96.3mg (137.5% of RDA) for vitamin C and 523.3 ${\mu}$gRE (74.8% of RDA) for vitamin A in elderly women. All of the average plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins were within normal range. However the percentage of the elderly women with deficiency plus marginal values were 7.9% in vitamin C, 9.2% in vitamin A and 7.9% in vitamin E. Plasma levels of IL-2 and IL-6 were 27.1${\pm}$7.1pg/ml and 5.9${\pm}$5.3pg/ml in elderly women. Correlation data showed that plasma IL-2 level was negatively correlated with plasma vitamin C level. In addition, IL-6 level was also negatively correlated with plasma vitamin C, A and E levels, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between erythrocyte thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance(TB-ARS) level and plasma IL-2 or IL-6 levels. In addition, erythrocyte TBARS level showed a significant positive correlation with plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) level and a significant negative correlation with plasma vitamin C level. Overall results might imply that the decreased levels of antioxidant vitamins result in an increase in oxidative stress and thereby increase cytokine production such as IL-2 and IL-6. However further research is required to elucidate these relationships.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5189-5192
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• 2013

Aim: We aimed to investigate the associations of dietary intake of folate, vitamin $B_6$ and $B_{12}$ and MTHFR genotype with breast cancer in a Chinese population. Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted, and 435 patients with newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed breast cancer and 435 controls were collected. The folate intake, vitamin $B_6$ and vitamin $B_{12}$ were calculated, and MTHFR C665T, C677T and A1298C were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Results: We found vitamin $B_{12}$ was likely to reduce the risk of breast cancer, and MTHFR 665TT was associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Folate intake, vitamin $B_{12}$ intake and variants of MTHFR C677T and MTHFR A1298C demonstrated no association with risk of breast cancer. However, we found patients with low intake of vitamin $B_6$ and MTHFR 665TT genotype had a higher risk of breast cancer (OR=1.87, 95% CI=1.29-2.77), the association being less pronounced among subjects with a moderate intake of vitamin $B_6$ and MTHFR 665TT genotype (OR=1.58, 95% CI=1.03-2.49, P=0.03). Conclusion: Our study indicated that the MTHFR C665T polymorphism and vitamin $B_6$ are associated with risk of breast cancer, which indicated roles for nutrients in developing breast cancer.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.147-152
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• 2009

Ascorbate (vitamin C) is a cofactor for a number of metabolic enzymes and is an indisputable essential vitamin C for humans. However, the potential of ascorbate as an anticancer agent has been a topic of controversy. A number of previous reports have addressed both positive aspects and limitations of ascorbate in cancer therapy. In this review, we briefly summarize the potential antitumor effects of ascorbate and its prospects for clinical use.