• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.287-294
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• 1999

Vitamin and mineral deletion from swine diets can result in reduced growth if done during the period wher muscle and bone development is occurring. Several of the vitamins and minerals decline in the serum during the starter period, suggesting a higher dietary inclusion may be necessary postweaning. Vitamin research with grower-finisher pigs is limited, but results suggest that rapidly growing lean pigs may have a higher dietary requirement for the B vitamins. Several studies have suggested that early weaning and pigs of a lean genotype may have a dietary requirement for vitamin C, CI and Cr. High dietary vitamin E levels are fortified in the diet and seems to be effective in preventing mulberry heart problems in weanling and grower pigs. Organic Se is more effectively retained in muscle tissue than inorganic Se, approximately 20% less is excreted, but the bioavailability of organic Se for glutathione peroxidase activity is only 80 to 90% to that of sodium selenite. The active form of thyroxine (T4) is dependent upon a Se containing enzyme. Withdrawal of vitamins and minerals during the latter part of the finisher period has not affected pig performance responses, but studies with poultry suggest that the vitamin content of the meat may be reduced if the vitamins are withdrawn prior to marketing. High levels of vitamin E have been shown to improve pork quality, by reducing drip loss. Studies with vitamin C and Se have suggested that they may also be involved in pork quality.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.169-178
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• 1996

본 실험은 조피볼락의 비타민 C 요구량 설정을 위한 실험모델과 실험사료를 개발하고 각 조직 내의 비타민 C 축적량에 따른 영양특성 그리고 그에 따른 요구량을 제시하고자 실시되었다. 실험어는 실험시작 평균체중이 12.6 g인 조피볼락 치어를 사용하였으며, 6개 실험구로 나누어 3반복으로 비타민 C 첨가 농도를 달리한 6개의 반정제 실험사료를 공급하였다. 4주간의 예비사육 (대조구사료 공급)후 8주간의 사육 실험을 실시하였으며, 6가지 실험사료의 비타민 C 농도는 다음과 같다 ; 0 (대조구), 25, 50, 75, 150 and 1500 mg L-ascorbic acid/kg diet ($C_0,\;C_{25},\;C_{50},\;C_{75},\;C_{150},\;and\;C_{1500}$). 증중율과 사료전환효율은 대조구사료를 공급한 실험구가 $C_{150}$과 $C_{1500}$ 사료를 공급한 실험구보다 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). Hematocrit은 대조구사료를 공급한 실험구가 다른 실험구들에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 근육 조직내의 비타민 C 농도는 대조구가 가장 낮아서 $C_{150}$과 $C_{1500}$ 실험구와 유의차를 보였고, 고농도 첨가구인 $C_{1500}$ 실험구가 다른 모든 실험구들에 비해서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 그러나 간, 아가미, 뇌조직의 비타민 C 농도는 $C_{1500}$ 실험구만 다른 실험구에 비해 유의적으로 높을뿐(P<0.05), 다른 실험구들간에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05), 따라서 조직내의 농도로는 근육에서 4.8 mg AA/kg 이하이면 성장, 사료효율, hematocrit에서의 결핍증상을 발견할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 사료내 비타민 C 요구량은 40 mg AA/kg diet 이상이고, 150 mg AA/kg diet이면 충분할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.122-133
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• 1996

As ciarette smoking adversely affects vitamin C metabolism in humans, smokers need substantially more vitamin C intake than do non-smokers to achieve similar serum vitamin C concentration. To provide the basic information currently available for the determination of vitamin C requirement for Korean smokers, we investigated the differences the serum vitamin C values between smokers(n=53) and non-smokers(n=62) in relation to their intake of the vitamin through diet in 115 male college students, who had not been using vitamin C supplements. Dietary intakes of vitamin C were determined by a 24-hour recall, and serum vitamin C was determined using the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method. The mean vitamin C intakes of smokers and non-smokers were consuming less than 75% of the Koeran RDA for vitamin c in their diet. Smokers consumed yellow and green leafy vegetables more often (P=0.02) and fresh fruits less often(P=0.006) than non-smokers. The mean serum vitamin C concentration of smokers consuming the same amounts of vitamine C as non-smokers, 64.3 umol/1, were 20% lower than for non-smokers, 80.1 umol/l(P<0.05). The risk of low serum vitamin C concentration (LoC) among smokers were 3.8% compared with 1.6% in non-smokers, and the odd ratio for LoC risk was 2.43. There were no correlations between dietary and serum vitamin C for smokers and non-smokers. It was concluded that smokers might require at least 20% more vitamin C to reach the same concentration comparable to non-smokers.

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2003년도 추계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.19-19
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• 2003

This presentation reviewed the dietary vitamin C requirements in main marine finfish culture in Korea. In experiment I, an II-week feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of the different levels of dietary vitamin C on growth, tissue ascorbic acid concentrations and histopathological changes in parrot fish. Casein and gelatin based diets were formulated to contain 0, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 2000mg L-ascorbic acid (AA)kg diets on Ah equivalent basis in the form of L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate (AMP), 60 and 240 mg AA/kg diet as L-ascorbic acid. Broken line analysis of weight gain indicated that the dietary vitamin C requirement of parrot fish is l18$\pm$12 mg AA/kg diet in the form of L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate for maximum growth. In experiment II, a 12-week experiment was conducted to compare L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Ca (AMP-Ca) with L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Na/Ca (AMP-Na/Ca) for supplying the dietary vitamin C for juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Fish were fed one of 11 semi-purified diets containing equivalent of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg ascorbic acid (AA)kg diet in the form of AMP-Ca or AMP-Na/Ca for 12 weeks. Broken line analysis of weight gain indicated that the dietary vitamin C requirement of Korean rockfish is 100 mg AA/kg diet in the form of AMP-Na/Ca, and 117 nag AA/kg diet in the form of AMP-Ca. In experiment III, a 12-week experiment was conducted to study the effects of different dietary levels of vitamin C, L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (ASPP), on growth and tissue vitamin C concentrations in juvenile olive flounder. Fish were fed one of six semi-purified diets containing an equivalent of 0, 25, 50, 75, 150, or 1500 mg ascorbic acid (AA) kg 1 diet in the form of ASPP for 12 weeks. Based on broken line analyses for WG and PER, the optimum dietary levels of vitamin C were 91 and 93 mg AA/kg diet, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.98-103
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• 2012

This study was conducted to re-evaluate the dietary vitamin C requirement in juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica by using L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate (AMP) as the vitamin C source. Five semi-purified experimental diets were formulated to contain 0 ($AMP_0$), 30 ($AMP_{24}$), 60 ($AMP_{52}$), 120 ($AMP_{108}$) and 1,200 ($AMP_{1137}$) mg AMP $kg^{-1}$ diet on a dry matter basis. Casein and defatted fish meal were used as the main protein sources in the semi-purified experimental diets. After a 4-week conditioning period, fish initially averaging $15{\pm}0.3$ g (mean${\pm}$SD) were randomly distributed to each aquarium as triplicate groups of 20 fish each. One of five experimental diets was fed on a DM basis to fish in three randomly selected aquaria, at a rate of 3% of total body weight, twice a day. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) for fish fed $AMP_{52}$ and $AMP_{108}$ were significantly higher than those recorded for fish fed the control diet (p<0.05). Similarly, feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for fish fed $AMP_{52}$ were significantly higher than those for fish fed the control diet (p<0.05). Broken-line regression analysis on the basis of WG, SGR, FE and PER showed dietary vitamin C requirements of juvenile eel to be 41.1, 41.2, 43.9 and 43.1 (mg $kg^{-1}$ diet), respectively. These results indicated that the dietary vitamin C requirement could range from 41.1 to 43.9 mg $kg^{-1}$ diet in juvenile eel when L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate was used as the dietary source of vitamin C.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.643-650
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• 1996

본 실험은 조피볼락에서의 비타민 C 함량을 달리한 6가지 반정제사료를 28주간 공급했을때의 성장 효과와 그에 따른 네가지 조직에서의 비타민 C 축적량 및 비타민 C 요구량을 조사하기 위해 실시되었다. 4주간의 예비 사육 기간에는 어체내에 축적되어 있을 비타민 C 함량을 최소화하기 위해 비타민 C를 첨가하지 않은 $C_0$ 사료를 공급하였다. 실험어는 실험 시작 평균 체중이 12.6g인 조피볼락 치어를 사용하였으며, 6개 실험구로 나누어 3반복으로 하였으며, 6가지 실험 사료의 비타민 C 첨가 농도는 다음과 같다: 0, 25, 50, 75, 150 and 1500 mg L-ascorbic acid (AA)/kg diet $(C_0,\;C_{25},\;C_{50},\;C_{75},\;C_{150},\;&\;C_{1500})$. 총 28주간의 사육 실험 결과, 증체율, 사료전환효율, 일일성장율, 단백질전환효율은 $C_0$ 실험 구가 다른 모든 실험구들에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 다른 실험구들 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다 (P<0.05). 28주간 사육 실험 후의 조직내 비타민 C 분석결과, 네가지 조직 중 총 비타민 C 함량이 가장 높은 조직은 근육이며, 단위 무게당 비타민 C 함량이 가장 높은 조직은 뇌임을 알 수 있었다. 사료내 비타민 C 분석 결과, $C_25$ 사료구의 비타민 C 농도는 64.5mg AA/kg diet로 나타났다. 따라서 성장기 조피볼락에 있어서 사료내 비타민 C 요구량은 약 65mg AA/kg diet 정도일 것으로 추정된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.597-605
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• 2012

Domestic animals, including ruminants, can synthesize vitamin C (VC) in their liver; as such, the dietary requirement for VC has not been confirmed in these animals. The adequacy of VC has been evaluated by quantifying VC levels in plasma, but the reported values in bovine plasma have been widely variable. Plasma VC concentration is decreased by heat stress, hepatic lesions, fattening, and infectious diseases such as mastitis in cattle. Therefore, VC supplementation is potentially beneficial for cattle with low plasma VC concentration. This review discusses the methods for determination of plasma VC concentration in cattle, VC nutrition, and the efficacy of VC supplementation in calves, dairy cattle, and beef cattle. Additionally I propose a reference range for plasma VC concentration in Japanese Black cattle.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.311-324
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• 2011

This study was performed to assess the nutritional status of low income elderly women aged ${\geq}$65 years residing in Gyeongnam Masan (n=124). Nutrition intakes, food intake frequency, and health-related behaviors including smoking, drinking, and exercise were investigated. Nutrition intake was calculated by the 24-hour recall method using CAN-pro (ver. 3.0). Average daily intakes of energy were $1,142.3{\pm}39$ kcal (71.4% of EER) in subjects aged 65~74 years and $1,071.0{\pm}41.7$ kcal (66.9% of EER) in subjects aged ${\geq}$75 years and the subjects consumed energy less than both 75% of estimated energy requirement (EER). The proportions of energy derived from protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 15.4:15.5:70.6 (aged 65~74 years), and 15.3:13.4:70.8 (aged ${\geq}$75). Nutrients consumed at less than estimated average requirements (EARs) were Ca (60.4%), P (98.4%), Zn (91%), vitamin E (48% of adequate intake, AI), vitamin $B_1$ (63.3%), vitamin $B_2$ (54%), niacin (87.7%), vitamin C (62.5%), and folate (50.5%). Especially, the intakes of Ca (58%), vitamin E (41% of AI), vitamin $B_1$ (60%), vitamin $B_2$ (50%), folate (46.5%), and vitamin C (54%) were 75% less than the EAR for people aged ${\geq}$75 years. According to the food intake frequency survey, the intakes of calcium, milk, fruits, and vegetables were very poor. In conclusion, this study suggests that a nutritional support program for elderly women of low socioeconomic class must be provided by the government to improve the quality of remaining life.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.427-439
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine whether Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children, which has been developed from data on urban children, can be applied to children in rural areas. A total of 200 children (108 boys and 92 girls) in fifth and sixth grade at three elementary schools in rural areas of Gyeongbuk participated in the survey conducted during June 2012. Questionnaires consisted of items on food intake frequency and dietary behavior. Food intake data were obtained using the 24-hour recall method, and nutrient intake was calculated using the CAN-Pro 4.0 Program. Percentages of children who took less than the estimated average requirement were 76.5%, 49.5%, 45.5%, 33.5%, and 26.0% for calcium, vitamin C, iron, vitamin A, and folate, respectively. Significant associations were observed between intake frequencies of vegetables, kimchi, and fruits, and intake of vitamin C, folate, and dietary fiber. White milk and legumes showed positive correlation with intake of calcium and vitamin A. Eating breakfast, meal regularity, and diverse side dishes showed positive correlation with intake of folate and calcium. The 19 food checklist items could be categorized according to five factors. The mean NQ score of the subjects was 62.0, which was similar to that of urban children, 64.4. NQ score and factor scores for balance, regularity, and practice were significantly lower in children with lower socioeconomic level as compared to those with higher socioeconomic level. Higher NQ score showed an association with increased intake of vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, and calcium. In conclusion, NQ offers a valuable instrument for evaluation of food habit and dietary quality of rural children as well as urban children, and children with low socioeconomic status should be monitored by testing with NQ checklist before implementation of nutrition programs.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.307-322
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• 2017

Objectives: This study examined the effects of nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food units using Food Exchange System on anthropometric, biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes for overweight and obese in a public health center. Methods: The subjects were 60 overweight/obese women based on BMI (educated 30 vs. non-educated 30, 50~64 years). Educated group was provided individual and/or group lessons (40 min/lesson/week, 5 week), 'Introduction: obese & health', '6 nutrients and 6 food groups', 'My obesity & daily needed energy', 'Meal planning for personalized daily energy and food units using Food Exchange Systems', and 'Smart food choices'. After education, we examined the differences in anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes between educated group and non-educated group. Results: After nutrition education, in the educated group, there were improvements on anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes in the educated group compared to the non-educated group. We observed a decrease in the mean weight, total cholesterol (TC) and the incidence of overweight/obesity and hypercholesterolemia and an increase in the mean lean body mass. The scores of nutrition knowledge, 'Function of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, mineral' and 'Food Sources of fat, vitamin, mineral' were increased. The scores of dietary attitudes, 'Taking a joyful meal, a leisurely meal, a balanced meal, a meal with sufficient vegetables, a meal with diversity, a meal with spicy foods, a meal with overeating' were increased. The intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamin A, thiamin, Zn and cholesterol were decreased. The scores of INQ, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, Ca, P, Fe, Zn were increased. Conclusions: The nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food exchange unit using Food Exchange System for overweight and obese may improve food behavior, dietary intakes and symptoms of overweight and obese, even in a community health center.