• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.592-603
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• 2001

Seasonal variations of nutrient intake ware evaluated through a 3-day dietary records in 196 Korean adolescents(86 males, 108 females) aged 13 - 15 years and living in urban and rural areas of Chungnam. The seasonal differences of nutrient intake were tested by repealed measure ANOVA. Comparing nutrient intakes among flour seasons using repealed measure ANOVA, mean values of daily intakes were higher in winter and autumn for most nutrients, and were the lowest in summer in the urban areas and in spring in rural areas. Girls recieved the largest amount of nutrients, except Ca and vitamin $B_12$, in winter and the lowest amount in summer, while in boys significant differences were not observed among the four seasons for meet nutrients, except fats, Mg, and vitamin E. Interestingly, the seasonal differences for many nutrients were more evident in rural areas than in urban areas. Vitamin A intake in urban areas was higher in winter and spring, while in rural oreas, in summer. Mean values of daily intakes as a percent of the RDA throughout the year in boys and girls ware 82.2% and 84.2% for energy and 88.9% and 82.7% for protein, respectively. Ca and vitamin A intakes were as low as 32.4% and 24.2% of the RDA in boys and 39.7% and 30.6% in girls. Intakes of Fe, Zn, folic acid and vitamin B$_{12}$ ranged from 40 - 60% of the RDA. The nutrients which showed the largest seasonal difference in the percent of RDA were vitamin E in boys and vitamin C, vitamin E, and Fe in girls. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) for Fe was significantly lower in autumn in both genders. The INQ for vitamin C in girls of both areas was much higher in winter. Annual mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality, ranged from 0.57 - 0.69, which was higher in winter than in other seasons. Conclusively, nutrient intakes of Korean adolescents showed seasonal variations, particularly in girls and in rural area. Thus, seasonal variations should be considered in the assessing nutritional status, particularly ill the rural areas of Korea.a.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2023

In order to investigate the optimal UVB (ultraviolet B) treatment conditions for vitamin D₂ enhancement of freeze-dried ear mushroom, sample size (below 300 ㎛~whole), UV treatment temperature (30~60℃), treatment density (6.25~50.0 mg/cm²) and the samples mixing frequency (1~32 times) were treated differently. After that, chromaticity, vitamin D₂ and ergosterol (vitamin D₂ precursor) contents were investigated. As a result of the investigating, effective UVB treatment conditions for vitamin D₂ enhancement are as follows. The sample sizes were 2~4 mm and finely crushed pieces. The treatment temperatures were 50℃ and 60℃. The treatment density was 12.5 to 25.0 mg/cm², and the number of sample mixing was 8 times or more. As the amount of vitamin D₂ increased by UVB treatment, the ergosterol content generally tended to decrease. However, under some UVB treatment conditions, the vitamin D₂ content was not high despite the decrease of ergosterol content. Under the conditions set in this experiment, it was possible to obtain ear mushrooms with enhanced vitamin D₂ up to 26,968.7 ㎍/100 g. Therefore, it is thought that the ear mushroom is highly likely to be used as a vitamin D source and nutritionally fortified food ingredient.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 2001

This survey was carried out to study the difference of nutrient intake, food behavior and health condition according to food intake diversity in the elderly(age 65 year over and 74 year under) in a local city. A diet survey with one day 24-recall method was used for 216 subjects(65 male & 151 female). Based on a food intake diversity examination, including an evaluation of KDDS(Korean's Dietary Diversity Score ; counts the number of food groups consumed daily from total five food groups(cereal, meat, vegetable, dairy, and oil groups)), Meal Balance(apply the KDDS at breakfast, lunch and dinner), and DVS(Dietary Variety Score ; total number of foods consumed), subjects were clustered according to food intake diversity. Food intake diversity patterns of male and female clusters were classified each into threes(Male-low group(24.6%), middle group(33.8%), and high group(41.5%)/Female low group(41.7%) middle group(37.1%), and high group(21.2%). The averages of KDDS, Meal Balance and DVS were 3.0, 7.5, 14.8 in the male middle group, and 4.5, 10.2, 25.7 in the male high group, 2.7, 6.3, 14.3 in the female low group, 4.0, 8.6, 18.0 in the female middle group, and 4.5, 10.5, 25.7 in the female high group respectively. The average dairy intake of nutrients below the RDA were energy, protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin A, Vitamin B$_2$and niacin in the male low group, energy, protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin A, Vitamin B$_2$in the male middle group and energy, Ca, Vitamin B$_2$in the male high group but a little. Also the female low group had intakes of all nutrients except Vitamin C, the middle group had intakes of energy, protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin A, Vitamin B$_2$, and the female high group had intakes of energy, Ca, Vitamin A below the RDA respectively. Food intake diversity increasing, nutrient intake, food behavior and health condition proved to be good. This study explored the usefulness of cluster analysis in identifying food intake diversity of three groups of the elderly in relation to their nutrient intake, food behavior and health conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 1990

The seeds of Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis, had been used as one of edible fruits for long time, but its chemical analysis of the nutrient components was extremely limited. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of chemical components of Korean pine seeds. The results obtained are as follows : 1. In general analysis of Korean pine seeds, moisture is 4.4%, crude protein 18.3%, crude fat 67.3%, crude fiber 4.7%, ash 2.2%, and nitrogen-free extract 3.4%, respectively, 2. The Korean pine seed contained 18 different kinds of amino acid : lysine, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, cysteic acid, and tryptophan. The glutamic acid is highest content among 18 kinds of amino acid. 3. The Korean pine seed contains all the essential amino acids such as arginine, histidine, lysine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. 4. The Korean pine seed contains 13 different kinds of fatty acid such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid, 9-icosenoic acid, 9, 11-icosenoic acid, 8, 11, 14-icosatrienoic acid, and tn-o unknown substances. Also it contains all the essential fatty acids as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The linoleic acid is highest content among 13 kinds of fatty acid. 5. The Korean pine seed contained 5 different kind., of vitamin such as vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin E and niacin. The content of vitamin E is the largest among 5 kinds of vitamin.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.703-713
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• 2021

Mackerel Scomber japonicus is an excellent source of vitamins (A, D and B₁₂), omega-3 fatty acids, dietary protein and minerals. This study was conducted to prepare mackerel-based processed seafood products such as grilled product with super-heated (GM), tang (TM) and salad with sweet potato (SSM) using mackerel as senior-friendly seafoods and to examine their quality characteristics. The hardness of GM, TM and SSM were 240.3×1.0³, 21.7×1.0³ and 7.4×1.0³ N/m², respectively. The viscosity of SSM was 25,450 m·Pas. The nutritional content of mackerel-processed products was within the senior-friendly standard specifications for protein, vitamin C, vitamin B₂ (riboflavin) and vitamin B₃ (niacin) ing GM, protein, vitamin B₃ and calcium for TM, and protein, vitamin D, vitamin B₂ and vitamin B₃ in SSM. All the mackerel-processed products were safe as senior-friendly seafoods, since digestibility rates were 81.5% for GM, 87.9% for TM and 93.5% for SSM. The physical, nutritional and the sanitation results indicated that senior-friendly seafoods classified of the mackerel-processed products was step 1 for GM, step 2 for TM and step 3 for SSM according to the Korean Food Code and Korean Indusrty Standards.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.668-678
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to estimate seasonal variation of nutritional intake and quality in adults in longevity areas. Dietary survey was given to 469 subjects over age 20 living Bukjeju-gun, Yecheon-gun, and Sunchang-gun of Korea, using 24-hour recall method every 4 seasons over one-year period. The mean daily intakes (%RDA) of 4 seasons were 1313.3 ㎉ (72.0%) for energy, 47.3 g (82.2%) for protein, 20.2 g for fat, 228.0 g for carbohydrate, 12.8 g for dietary fiber. The differences were hardly significant among the seasons. Mean daily intakes of most of the vitamins and minerals were lower than RDA except vitamin C and folate, especially %RDAs of Ca, vitamin D, vitamin B$_2$, vitamin E were less than 60% of RDA. In general, nutrient intake were high in spring compared to other seasons except vitamin C which was high in fall and winter. Mean daily intakes of cholesterol were 151.7 mg and 124.3 mg in males and females, respectively. The differences was significant between the two sexes but not among the seasons. PUFA : MUFA : SFA ratio of the subject was 1.0 : 1.3 : 1.2. Average CPF ratio of energy intake was 72.7 : 14.4 : 12.9, and energy intake ratio from carbohydrate was low in spring, in contrast energy intake ratios from protein was significantly high in spring. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.64 for female and 0.71 for male. The indices of nutritional quality (INQ) were over 1 for most of nutrients except 0.73 of Ca, 0.87 of vitamin A, 0.69 of vitamin B$_2$, and 0.65 of vitamin E. Both MAR and INQ were significantly different among sex and seasons, values were higher in males than in females and were higher in spring with the exception of vitamin C. In conclusion, subjects in longevity areas did not consume enough nutrients quantitatively as well as qualitatively, especially Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, and vitamin E. Also mean daily intakes of most of vitamins and minerals were insufficient in females, and were significantly different among season. Therefore we must consider a counterplan to augment nutrition intake for them. In addition, it seems to be essential to micro nutrients to the food composition database to estimate dietary intakes more accurately.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.144.2-145
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• 2003

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are produced during normal cellular function. ROS are very transient species due to their high chemical reactivity that leads to lipid peroxidation and oxidation of some enzyme, massive protein oxidation and degradation. Under normal conditions, antioxidant are substances that either directly or indirectly protect cells against adverse effects of ROS. Several biologically important compounds have been reported to have antioxidant functions. These incluce vitamin C, vitamin E, GSH, flavonoids. superoxidee dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GPX) and catalase(CAT). (omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 1994

The purpose of this survey was to investigate the nutrient intake of college students. This survey was carried out through questionnaires, and the subjects were 498 male and 151 female students at Inha University. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Average height of male and female students were 173.0cm, 160.5cm and the average weight of those were 64.5kg, 49.7kg respectively. 2) Most nutrients were intaken properly but some were under % of RDA. For the male students, the average intake of calorie(91.5%) vitamin A(55.9%) vitamin B1(96.8%) vitamin B2(88.0%) and Ca(96.5%) were lower than RDA. For the female students the average intake of calorie(94.1%) vitamin A(64.6%) Ca(90.3%) and Fe(71.0%) were lower than RDA. 3) The ratio of percent calorie of carbohydrate : protein :fat from total calories in male was 60:16:24 and that of female was 60:17:23 The percent calorie of carbohydrate from total calorie was decreased and taht of fat from total calories was increased compared to the results of previous study.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 1999

The proximate composition, pH, vitamins and minerals in sunflower seed sprout were investigated to furnish basic data for utilization in health food or processed food. The pH of sunflower seed sprout was 5.70. The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash and crude fiber of sunflower seed sprout were 94.7%, 1.3%, 0.3%, 1.3% and 1.6%, respectively. The vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, vitamin C and niacin contents in sunflower seed sprout were 114.411. U%, 0.06mg%, 0.05mg%. 5.90mg% and 0.80mg%, respectively. The contents of Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Mn, Cu, Zn and Mg in sunflower seed sprout per 100g were 80.00mg, 4.85mg, 3.63mg, 8.25mg, 180.90mg, 1.35mg, 0.43mg, 1.85mgand 66.35mg, respectively. The crude ash and crude fiber content of sunflower seed sprout were 3 or 4 times higher than those in the sprout of radish seed, mung bean, soybean or alfalfa, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 비타민 $B_{2}$ 결핍이 3일간 금식과 6일간 감식시 체내 저장연료 이용에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가를 알아본 결과, -B2군은 pair-feeding을 감식시켰음에도 불구하고 +B2군에 비해 체중이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 식이 이용효율도 낮았다. 모든 장기, 특히 간장 무게는 -B2군이 +B2군에 비해 무겁게 나타났으며, 감식과 금식시에도 -B2군의 장기무게가 가벼워졌으나 여전히 유의하게 무거웠으며 -B2군의 간장 중성 지방이 높게 나타나 지방간 증상으로 간장이 비대해진 것으로 추정된다. 혈장 포도당과 단백질 함량은 섭식, 금식 및 감식시 +B2군과 -B2군 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 혈장 중성지방 수준은 +B2군에 비해 -B2군이 섭식시는 높은 수준을 나타냈으나 금식 및 감식시에는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 간장 중성 지방도 이와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 혈장 유리지방산 수준은 섭식시에는 +B2군과 -B2군 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 금식으로 인해 +B2군은 유리지방산 수준이 증가하였고 -B2군은 오히려 감소하여 -B2군이 +B2군 보다 낮게 나타났다. 그러므로 비타민 $B_{2}$ 결핍으로 인해 이 유리지방산의 유리가 원활히 일어나지 않았거나, 비타민 $B_{2}$ 결핍으로 인해 지방산화가 저해된 것이 금식으로 지방이 에저지원으로 이용되어야만 하는 상황이 발생하여 감소된 지방산 산화가 다소 회복된 것으로 추정된다. 금식 및 감식시 +B2군에 비해 -B2군이 근육단백질 수준은 높은 경향을 나타내었고 근육 글리코겐 수준은 낮은 경향을 나타내어 -B2군이 심각한 비타민 $B_{2}$ 결핍으로 저지방이나 근육단백질을 이용하지 못하게 됨에 따라 근육 글리코겐을 이용한 것으로 추정된다. 이는 +B2군에 비해 -B2군의 뇨중 총질소 배설량이 적은 것으로도 재확인되었다. 그러므로 금식이나 감식시 체지방이나 체단백질을 이용하는 에너지 보충 적응기전이 일어나야 하나 비타민 $B_{2}$ 결핍상태에서는 이러한 체내 열량공급이 지장을 받게 되며, 체단백질 이용저하로 포도당 신생이 영향을 받아 장기간의 금식 또는 감식시에는 혈장 포도당 수준도 낮아질 것으로 예상된다.