• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1985

This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional status with the analysis of the factors which might influence on the prevalent condition of nutrients-intake. 373 persons who are above 60 years old in Chung-Gu, Seoul were surveyed from March 15 to March 30 in 1985. Results were as follows ; 1. General Characteristics 1) Male respondents among the entire respondents comprised 54.3% and female respondents comprised 45.7%. As for age, male and female respondents comprised 55.0% and 37.2% respectively. 2) As for the educational level of the respondents, illiteracy was 49.9% which was the highest. and those who graduated elementary school was 28.1% which was the second highest. And as for the comparison of the education of the male and female respondents, the educational level of male respondents was much higher than that of female respondents. 3) As for the final occupation of the respondents, those who were engaged in commerce comprised 30.8% which was the highest rate, and who were engaged in agriculture comprised 20.1% which was the second highest rate. And those who were engaged in labor comprised 12.3%. 2. The State of Nutrients-intake The energy of the male respondents was 61.4% of RDA and the protein was nothing but 66.8% of RDA. Except vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ and niacin, calcium, iron, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C were lower than RDA (the range: $67.5%{\sim}97.3%$). The energy of the female respondents was 70.0% of RDA and the protein was 58.8% which were lower than RDA. Except vitamin A and vitamin $B_1$, calcium, iron, vitamin $B_2$ vitamin C, niacin were lower than RDA (the range: $68.2%{\sim}98.9%$). 3. The various factors related to nutrients-intake 1) The composition of family and the food environment those who were living with their spouses comprised 44.8% which was the highest rate, and those who were living with their son's family comprised 33.5% which was the second highest rate and those who were living with their doughter's family comprised only 4.6%. Those who were living alone comprised 16.4%. The correlation with nutrient intake didn't show a clear relation. 2) Socio-economic state Those who said that they lacked in living expense comprised 32.7% and those who said that they lacked in pocket-money comprised 23.9%, The female respondents outnumbered the male respondents in lacking living expense or pocket-money. In the correlation with socio-economic, there was no striking relation with education level. However, it was shown that little relation in energy, fat in male and also fat and iron in female. The living expense and the satisfaction in pocket-money had also little relation with energy fat and vitamin C in male. 3) Nutrition knowledge and food habit (a) The state of nutrition knowledge and food habit In nutrition knowledge, those who scored less than 60 points were 32.9%, and those who scored more than 90 points were 21.0%. In food habit, those who scored less than 60 points were 26.5% and those who scored more than 80 points were 45%. (b) The corelation with nutrition knowledge and food habit In case of female respondents, nutrition knowledge had a little relation with the intake of cabohydrate, iron, and vitamin C. And we couldn't see a distinct phenomenon in food habit.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.603-614
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the health and nutritional status of Korean adults according to food security by age group. Methods: The subjects were 20~79 year old adults (n = 16,595) who participated in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010~2012). Subjects were divided into three groups based on food security such as secure, mildly insecure, and moderately/severely insecure groups. Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour dietary recall. As for mental health status, the data on mental stress, sleep hours, depression symptoms, and suicide ideation were used. Results: Korean adults who were exposed to high food insecurity typically had low income levels, lived alone, and were recipients of basic welfare. In the 20~39y group, people with higher food insecurity had lower concentrations of hemoglobin and higher iron-binding capacity. In the 40~59y group, people with higher food insecurity had lower HDL-cholesterol. In the 60~79y group, people with higher food insecurity had higher total cholesterol levels, more stress, more experiences of depression symptoms, and were more suicidal. Mean intakes of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C were lower in the food insecure groups. Amounts of vegetables, fruits, and seasoning intakes tended to be lower in people with higher food insecurity. The effects of food security on nutrition intake were greater in the 40~59y and 60~79y groups than the 20-39y group. Conclusion: Food insecurity was related to certain health indicators such as anemia and cholesterol levels and affected mental health. The effects of food insecurity on health and nutritional status were different by age group.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 2017

Numerous studies have investigated quantifying dietary intake according to the weight status of children and adolescents. However, studies on differences in quality among diets remain scarce. This study compared diet quality by weight status and examined correlations between quality of diet and obesity in children and adolescents. Two hundred fourteen children and adolescents aged between 9 and 18 years participated in this study (Normal weight n=104, Obesity n=110). The data related to food intake were investigated by dietary records, Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I), and Nutrition Quotient (NQ) and then compared with Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRIs). In DQI-I, moderation factor (control of unhealthy foods) score was 21.7 in the normal weight group and 19.5 in the obesity group. The normal weight group showed a higher score for moderation factor than the obesity group (P<0.001). Compared with KDRIs, vitamin $B_6$, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, potassium, and zinc intakes were insufficient in both groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that DQI-I moderation was negatively associated with obesity (OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.69-0.87) after adjustment for age, gender, income, and total energy intake. Our results suggest that children and adolescents require nutritional education to understand the importance of vitamin and mineral consumption. Especially, education for children and adolescents with obesity needs to emphasize moderation of nutrient intake that can cause diseases with hyper-ingestion such as sodium and high calorie-low nutrition foods.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.284-293
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• 2015

This study was intended to investigate food, exercise habits, perception of health status and the effects of nutrient intake of female college students. Food habits such as regularity of meal time, repast of breakfast, numbers of night snack per week and duration of meal were assessed via a self reporting questionnaire, and 24hrs recall method for nutrient intake was obtained from 155 female college students in Yangju-si. The mean height and weight of the subjects were $161.25{\pm}3.52cm$ and $52.26{\pm}4.52kg$, respectively. The average intakes of energy and nutrients were below the Korea recommended dietary allowance(RDA). Especially, The nutrient intakes(energy, protein, fat, fiber, calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc, sodium, potassium, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin C, folate, vitamin E, cholesterol) of the group in which the regularity of meal time per week was 5~7 days was significantly higher than the group in which the regularity of meal time was < 3 days (p<0.005). The nutrient intakes influenced by the food habit such as the regularity of meal time, skipping breakfast, and the numbers of night snack per week but did not differ in accordance with the regular exercise habits and perception of health status. These findings suggest that nutritional education based on female college students' food habits(regularity of meal time, skipping breakfast and night snacks per week, and duration of meal) may be required to improve dietary variety. It is considered that the improvement in dietary habits will contribute to the improvement of nutrition.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate to the effect of regular exercise on nutrients intakes and energy balance related to food habit and nutrient knowledge of college women. This study was conducted from May to June in 2000. One hundred and forty female students made their three day dietary records by 24-hr recall method and one day activity record. The questionaires were designed to fine out food habit and nutrition knowledge status. The height. weight and blood pressure were measured and also body fat mass and lean body mass measurements were performed. The results obtained are summerized as follows. Average height and weight of E(exercise) group were found to be increased than those of NE(non-exercise) group. The percent of body fat and body fat mass(kg) in E group were slightly lower than those of NE group. Calorie intake of NE group was 1,664kca1 per day. This was composed of carbohydrate 60%kcal. protein 14%local and fat 24%local. Calorie, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$ and niacin intakes of NE group were lower than those of RDA and calorie intake of E group was 2.313kca1 per day. This was composed of carbohydrate 54%, protein 13% and fat 31%. Other nutrients such as iron, vitamin A, niacin and vitamin C were lower than those of RDA. Daily energy expenditure and physical activity of E group were 2,397.6$\pm$49.2kca1; 1,035.7 $\pm$36.5kcal, respectively and it was higher than those of NE group.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to estimate the nutrient intakes and food habits among preschool children in Kyungjoo city. The subjects were 210 preschool children, aged 4 - 6 years. Measurements of the weight, height, chest circumference, and head circumference of the children were conducted. And general home environment and factors related to eating habits for preschool children were collected using a questionnaire that included information about family income, parents' education and occupations. The average weight-length index (WLI) for the subjects was $103.9\%$. Using the WLI, $20.0\%$ of the preschool children were underweight, $48.6\%$ were normal, $19.0\%$ were overweight, and $12.3\%$ were obese. On the R$\ddot{o}$hrer index, $13.8\%$ of the preschool children were underweight, $38.5\%$ were normal, and $47.7\%$ were over weight or obese. The average daily intake ($\%$ of RDA) of energy and each nutrient was 1323.5 kcal ($81.3\%$), Ca 484.3 mg ($80.7\%$), Fe 7.05 mg ($88.1\%$), vitamin A 420.0 RE ($105\%$), vitamin $B_{2}$ 0.76 mg ($95.0\%$), vitamin $B_{2}$ 0.87 mg ($87.0\%$), and vitamin C 53.1 mg ($106.2\%$) , respectively. In particular, older subjects had lower intake in RDA $%$ of calcium and iron. The energy intake ratio from snacks was much higher than the recommended level of the preschool children. With regard to frequency of regularity of breakfast, $1.9\%$ of preschool children skipped every morning and $7.6\%$ of the children skipped more than 5 per week. With regard to the intake frequency of vegetables, fruits, complex carbohydrates, and milk, $13.3\%$, $19.9\%$, $22.8\%$, and $41.8\%$ of the children ate more than 5 times per week. The eating habit score was positively correlated (r = 0.18, P < 0.05) with household income. This study suggests that nutrition education to increase fruit and vegetable consumption for preschool children should be emphasized. Also a nutrition education program is needed to enhance consuming calcium and iron intake for adequate growth.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.655-662
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• 2005

Body content bone mined density and nutrient intake status of 129 college women in Daegu area are analyze4 The mean age was 23.1 years. Bone mineral density was measured in their right heel by SONOST-2000 ultrasound bone densitometer, and nutrient intake was assessed by a Questionnaire. Diet intake data were obtained by using a 24 hours recall method to evaluate the subject's usual diet. The average energy, Ca, Ee, Zn and folate intakes were 64.2, 47.5, 54.7, 62.9 and $57.4\%$ of RDA, respectively. Ca/P and Ca/Protein ratio were 0.46 and 6.7, respectively. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality wag 0.6. The index of nutritional quality was under 1.0 for protein(0.7), vitamin A(0.9), E(0.7), $B_1(0.8)$, niacin(0.8), $B_6(0.6)$ and phosphorus(0.6). The less the protein and energy intake, the less the bone mineral density(p<0.05). The intakes of protein(p<0.05) and that of phosphorus(p<0.001) were positively correlated with bone quality index(BQI). The calcium intake was positively correlated with Z-score(p<0.05). The phosphorus intake was positively correlated with T-score(p<0.001) and Z-score(p<0.0001). In conclusion, this study indicates that nutrient intake of the college women is considerably lower than the RDA. Also the BQI is lower than standard.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.313-326
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nutrition education program for the elderly at a public health center located in Jinhae city. The one group pretest and posttest design was conducted using self-administered questionnaire survey. Nutrition education lessons based on social cognitive theory (2 hours/lesson, 3 times) were provided to 27 female elderly(${\geq}65$ yrs) for a month. After the nutrition education, number of exercise increased and preference for sweetness decreased significantly (p<0.05). The outcome expectations, the knowledge of nutrition (p<0.001), and behavioral capability (p<0.05) score were significantly increased. There were significant increases in all nutrient intake. NAR was increased significantly in protein, calcium and vitamin C (p<0.01), dietary fiber, iron, zinc, thiamin, niacin and folic acid (p<0.001), and riboflavin (p<0.05). INQ was increased significantly in thiamin, vitamin B6 and niacin (p<0.05), and dietary fiber (p<0.01). The score of nutrition education satisfaction was high (4.52). The results of this study suggested that the nutritional education program based on social cognitive theory had a positive effect on dietary behavior changes, and nutrition intake status among female elderly even after short-term intervention.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.280-288
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient and food intake status in underweight female college students living in Seoul. 126 underweight(BMI<20) and 74 normal weight (20$\leq$BMI<25) students were asked for their daily food intake and eating habits by using 3-day food records and questionnaire. We analyzed the amounts of the nutrient intakes and food groups as the subjects. The mean of height and weight were 162.1cm and 49.0kg in underweight and 160.6cm and 54.9kg in normal weight subjects. The mean energy, iron, and vitamin A intakes among the students were smaller than RDA for Koreans. The mean calcium(p<0.01), sodium(p<0.05), and vitamin B$_2$(p<0.05) intakes in underweight subjects were significantly higher than those in normal weight subjects. Total food intakes of underweight and normal weight students were 1235.8g and 1078.1g, respectively. The mean of the pulse group in the underweight was significantly higher than that in normal group(p<0.01) Frequently consumed food or dish items of the subjects were Kimchi, cooked rice, and milk. In the relation between BMI and dietary factors, the BMI was found to have a significant negative correlation with calcium intake(p<0.05), pulse intake(p<0.01) and eating habit score(p<0.01) Eating habit scores about quantity of food and lipid intake showed a significant difference between underweight and normal students.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.98-110
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• 2003

This study investigated the nutritional status and the knowledge of the 204 elderly in Young-nam area. Their weight and height were measured and their dietary intake and nutritional knowledge evaluated. The sutjects were 74.7$\pm$5.9 years old in average. The BMIs were in the moderate range. Weights and BMI decreased significantly with age. The dietary assessment data showed that each energy intake of the males and the females was 90.9% and 97.0% compared with the Korean RDA, respectively. The dietary intake of vitamin A, calcium and iron was lower than that of the Korean RDA. The fiber intake of the subjects was 7.4g~7.8g. The MAR of vitamin $_{B2}$ was the lowest, 0.66 and that of phosphorus was the highest, 0.99. According to the nutritional knowledge level, the intake of protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$and iron in the excellent group was significantly higher than that in the poor group. The correlation analysis revealed that the score of nutritional knowledge was positively associated with BMI, MAR and protein intake, while negatively with age.e.