• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.1 s.21
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• pp.10-39
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• 1987

Mortality rate and causes of death are regarded as an index of strength as well as level of development of a country. However, there is no accurate data for the causes of death in Korea due to lack of systematic vital data collection system. The objective of this study was to define the causes of death of the school teachers, its changing pattern, cause-specific mortality rate, and geographic variation. The study population included all of the teachers in primary school, middle and high schools, and college who joined in Korean Teachers' Union between 1968 and 1985 that provided a total of 1,972, 069 person-years to observe (1,384,911 man-years, 587,158 woman-years). There were 3,678 deaths in this period (3,377 males, 301 females). The most common cause of death was neoplasm which was followed by the diseases of circulatory system. The proportion of death of neoplasm was 1.5 times higher than that of the general population. Causes of death were classified into 5 major groups (neoplasm, diseases of circulatory system, accidents and poisoning, diseases of liver, and all others). The mortality rates of diseases of circulatory system and all others for general population were 4 to S times higher than those for the teachers. However, mortality rates of neoplasm and diseases of liver were only about 2 times higher than those for teachers. Mortality rate of liver cancer for teachers was higher than gastric cancer mortality rate which is the reverse in general population. The crude death rate was 2.12 per 1,000 person-years for male and 1.00 for female which is one-third of the crude death rate of general population. Crude death rate of study population was higher in rural area than in urban area. However, mortality rate of neoplasm for male was higher in urban area than in rural area while mortality rates of all other causes were higher in rural area. For female, mortality rates of neoplasm and diseases of circulatory system were higher in urban area and the rates for all other causes were higher in rural area. Crude death rate was lowest in Gyeongin area and highest in Yeongnam area. The mortality of neoplasm for male accounted the highest proportion of all death in Gyeongin, Chungcheong and Yeoungnam areas while the mortality of neoplasm and mortality of circulatory system accounted the same proportion in Jeonra area. For female, the mortality of disease of circulatory system accounted the highest proportion in Gyeongin and Yeoungnam and Jeonra areas. Proportion of death due to accidents and poisoning was high in Chungcheong area and death due to all other causes was high in Yeoungnam area. The most common cause of death for male by city and province was neoplasm in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gyeonggi, Chungnam, Chungbuk, Gyeongnam and Gyeongbuk. Diseases of circulatory system was the leading cause of death in the rest of city and provinces. The leading cause of death for female was diseases of circulatory system in Seoul, Incheon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, and Gyeongbuk, neoplasm in Busan, and accident and poisons in all other cities and provinces. The mortality rates of male were above 2 per 1,000 person-years in Jeju, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Daegu, and Chungbuk, and it was below 1.5/l,000 in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi. The mortality rate of female was above 1.2/1,000 person-years in Gyeongnam and Incheon while it was below 0.5/l,000 in Daegu, Geonggi Chungbuk and Jeju. The leading cause for male by school of employment was neoplasm in all levels of school with a remarkably higher rate in the professors of college. Leading cause of death for female was disease of circulatory system in primary schools, high schools and college but neoplasm in middle schools. There was no death due to liver diseases in middle and high school teachers and college professors and no death due to all other category in high school teachers and college professors, in females. High school teachers and the highest mortality rate and college professors showed the lowest mortality rate. Temporal trend of mortality was examined in three periods; period I ($1968{\sim}1974$), period II ($1975{\sim}1979$), and period III ($1980{\sim}1985$). The leading cause of death for male was diseases of circulatory system in period I and II but neoplasm in period III. Such trend of decreasing diseases of circulatory system and increasing neoplasm was observed in female. Overall mortality rate was decreased over the 3 periods. The mortality rates of diseases of circulatory system, liver disease and all others were decreased in male but the mortality rates of neoplasm and accident and posions was increased. Female showed a similar trend to male but the mortality rate of liver diseases was increased. Mortality rates of diseases of circulatory system, neoplasm and liver diseases increased with age of teachers up to 50 years of age but decreased in 60 years of age. Mean age at death due to each cause was higher in male than female by $4{\sim}10$ years. However, the mean age at death of the teachers was $2{\sim}5$ years lower than that of the general population in all causes of death and the sex difference in the mean a2e at death was smaller ($2{\sim}3$ years) in general population. In sex ratio of mortality, male was higher than female in almost all diseases except suicide and maintained a high ratio. The general population showed universally high ratio in male like teachers, and more or less did regular patterns in mortality with ratio smaller.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.435-442
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to analyze physiological changes, clinical and subjective symptoms by different $N_2O$ concentrations and administration method. This study surveyed 65 men and women ages 19 to 35 and all subjects were healthy volunteers, with no contraindication for use of $N_2O$ sedation. The $N_2O$ sedation was carried out in a way that increases by 10 percent to one-minute interval or increases at once the desired level. Each method was required to reach 30 or 50 percent $N_2O$ concentration. The way to gradually raise the $N_2O$ concentration can reduce the risk by decreasing the pulse reduction rate at the same $N_2O$ concentration. $SpO_2$ has no statistical significance according to $N_2O$ concentration and method of administration. Pulse rate reduced significantly when 50% $N_2O$ increase at once during sedation and 100% $O_2$ after 5 minutes. The way to gradually raise the $N_2O$ concentration is safe for reducing pulse rate.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.234-236
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• 2016

A 14 kg, 9-year-old, spayed female, Cocker Spaniel was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University with a history of head tilt and circling. Otitis externa and media were diagnosed by computerized tomography, and total ear canal ablation was performed. In preanesthetic evaluation, systemic hypertension and second-degree atrioventricular block were observed, but there was no regurgitation through the heart valves. Systemic hypertension was managed with amlodipine (0.1 mg/kg, PO, BID) for the anesthesia. The dog was premedicated with cefazolin (22 mg/kg, IV) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (2 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane and 100% oxygen following intubation. During surgery, vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure and body temperature) were maintained within normal ranges, but bradycardia was observed and corrected with glycopyrrolate (5 ug/kg IV, twice). During subcuticular suture, electrohemostasis was applied at the incision line, which was close to the trigeminal nerve. In no time at all, heart rate dramatically decreased from 110 to 60 beats per minute. No additional treatment was done because mean blood pressure was maintained above 70 mmHg. The heart rate recovered according to the decrease of end tidal isoflurane concentration and there were no complications associated with the anesthesia and surgery. Sudden bradycardia after electrical stimulation around the trigeminal nerve was considered as trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR). It is recommended to be careful of bradycardia from TCR when electrocautery is used in the craniofacial area during surgery.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to compared the cerebral palsy children with normal children in the exercise and cardio vascular ability after this study as the fundamental data fer mating programs for the cerebral palsy children. The test of this study is about twenty girls, the control group of the normal children(n=10) and the experiment group of cerebral palsy children(n=10). They were studied in four aspects which were the anthropometry, the medical check in the rest, the physical fitness or exercise roads test and the change of the target heart rate during exercise. The result were as follows : 1. The characteristic of the physical type : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the standing height and the body weight but their's little difference between them (p<0.05). The control group is lower than the experiment group in the body fat. 2. The characteristic of the medical check in the rest : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the vital capacity and flood expiratoryvolume one second. The control group is higher that the experiment group in the blood pressure of systolic and Diastolic. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). The control is lower than the experiment group in the heart pulse rate. There's little difference between them(p<0.005). 3. The characteristic of basic physical strength evaluation : The experiment group is the lowest dynamic muscular endurance, balance, agility and endurance which need to move the body with weight. The control group is much higher than the experiment group in the flexibility and muscle strength(Back strength). There's no difference between them(p<0.05). 4. The characteristics of the exercise stress last : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the endurance, the maximum of oxygen intake, endurance level and the out take of calory. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). 5. The characteristic of the change of the target heart rate during exercise : The control group is lower than the experiment group exchange of target heart rate, There's no difference them.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.694-699
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• 1993

Background: After the introduction of more potent antituberculous drugs and the nation-wide tuberculosis management the prevalence rate and mortality rate of pulmonary tuberculosis has been reduced continuously. But we still experienced many patients who succumbed to this disease. So we investigated the causes of treatment failure and death of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis to delineate the problems in the management of these patients. Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of 55 patients who died of pulmonary tuberculosis in Kyung-Hee University Hospital during the period of Mar. 1979-Feb. 1990. Results: 1) Average duration of illness was $11.9{\pm}10.1$ years. 2) The mortality rate of in-patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was 2.09%. 3) 47.3% of patients had been treated more than twice and the sputum positive rate was 52.7%. 4) Causes of death were acute respiratory failure(56.4%), asphyxia by hemoptysis(14.6%), cor pulmonale(9.1%), tension pneumothotax(7.3%), vital organ involvement(9.1%) and coexisting diseases(3.5%). Conclusion: Many of these patients had long duration of illness, persistant sputum AFB and high incidence of acute respiratory failure as a fatal complication. It seemed that patient's neglect of their disease and inadequate treatment had caused aggravation of tuberculosis.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2022

We compared the degrees of vitality of 12 Korean native chicken breeds, such as Jaeraejong, Korean Rhode Island Red (Rhode), Korean White Leghorn, Korean Cornish (Cornish), and Korean Ogye breeds. The survival rate and telomere length were measured as vital markers. Telomere length was analyzed via quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization method using the lymphocytes of 466 chickens. We found that the telomere length decreased linearly with increasing chronological age in all chicken breeds. Telomere length and telomere shortening rates (TSR) were significantly different among the chicken breeds after 20 weeks of age (P<0.01). Rhode had the longest telomere length and the lowest TSR, whereas Cornish had the shortest telomere length and the highest TSR. In terms of TSR, the telomere length of 50-week-old chickens was half of that of 8-week-old chickens. There was also a significant difference in survival rates among the breeds. Both Rhode and Korean Ogye had the highest survival rates, while Cornish had the lowest. There was a significant positive correlation between survival rate and telomere length, and telomere length in old age showed a higher correlation with survival rate than that in young age. Therefore, it is considered that TSR is more closely related to survival rate than the telomere length. Based on the telomere dynamics and survival rates of 12 Korean native chicken breeds, it was concluded that the Rhode breed and Cornish breed had the highest and lowest vitality, respectively.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.21-44
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• 2008

The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the family instability on the elderly suicide and to examine the change over time. An analytical model of causal structure was set up with residence, family instability and socioeconomic level as explanation variables for this study. The cause of death statistics and micro-data from the vital statistics for 1995, 2000 and 2005 were used. Family instability was measured through divorce, and the rate of elderly(male and female) suicide as well as the suicide rate of the elderly and those in their 20-50's was used for this analysis to examine the effect of divorce. This study hypothesized about family instability and elderly suicide through a literature review. This paper presents maps of the suicide rate by using GIS, and then ANOVA and regression analysis are carried out to verify a difference in the elderly suicide rate affected by residence and divorce. Divorce rate appears in most areas with a high level centering around metropolises except the central inland area. The rate of elderly suicide which stayed in only specific regions with a high level has increased as time went by, and the graph leveled high in most regions except the southwestern coast. In addition, the elderly suicide rate was increased rapidly in rural areas for the most recent 10 years. This shows the seriousness of problems of the aged in rural areas. Through the periods of economic crisis, a sudden increase in divorce causes family instability, which increase the suicide rate increasing. Divorce affects the elderly suicide rate and the 20-50s' suicide rate in the same way, and the stronger effect goes to the elderly rather than those in their 20-50s'. Regarding elderly suicide, the divorce has a different effect by gender, affecting males more than females. With these facts, we can draw the conclusion that family instability has the most significant effect on elderly males' suicide.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2003

This paper attempts to explore the effects of ecological and socioeconomic factors on the level of mortality and the changing trends of such effects during the period of 1990∼2000. For this purpose the population census data and micro-data from the vital statistics for years 1990, 1995 and 2000 were used. As indicators of mortality, the crude death rate(CDR), the standardized death rate(SDR) and the longevity rate were calculated for 170 'Si' s and 'Gun's. Using GIS, this paper first presents the mortality and longevity maps for years 1990, 1995 and 2000. Then ANOVA and regression analyses are carried out in an effort to generalize the effects of ecological and socioeconomic factors on the CDR, the SDR and the longevity rate. When the mortality and longevity maps are examined, three indices of mortality are found to be markedly high in the southwest coastal regions of Cholla-Nam-Do. By contrast, Seoul and Pusan metropolitan areas show substantially low level of mortality and longevity in these indices. It is also found that the regional differentials in the SDR and the longevity rate show a trend of becoming smaller after 1990. The research, however, does not find any linear relationship between the SDR and the longevity rate. The causal mechanisms of the two indices are found to be different. The results of the ANOVA and the regression analysis reveal that the locational factors of both mountainous and farming regions tend to increase the CDR and SDR while both coastal and farming regions disclose a tendency of increasing the longevity rate. The level of statistical significance of these analytical results is found to be weaker when socioeconomic factors such as education, income, marital status, availability of medical care, and sanitary conditions of the region are taken into account. The regional differentials in the mortality level seem to have a clear relationship not only with the socioeconomic factors but also with the age structure influenced by the age selectivity of migration during the past 40 years.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.199-213
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• 1967

Circulatory and respiratory activities were observed in men exposed to the environment of engine room of a cruising Republic of Korea Navy ship and compared to the control values obtained in an ordinary laboratory room on land. The environment of an engine room of cruising navy ship was presumed to be a multiple stress acting on men. The environment of the engine room included high temperature $(35-42^{\circ}C)$, low relative humidity (20-38% saturation), vibration (about 7 cycles per second), rolling and pitching of ship and noises. Sixteen men were divided into two groups consisted of each 8 subjects. Subjects of sea duty group had experience of continuous on board duty averaging 3.5 years. Men of land duty group had no experience of on board activity. On land observations were made on one day prior to the boarding and leaving the port and four days after landing. In between observations in the engine room were made on the first, 5 th, 9 th, 12 th, and 14 th day of on board activity. The whole experimental period lasted for 20 days. Measurements on circulatory and respiratory parameters were at standing resting state (after 30 minutes standing in the case of on land study and 15 minutes in engine room study) and within one minute after cessation of on the spot running of which rhythm was 30/min. and lasted for 5 minutes. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary function test were done in the period of two minutes from the 3rd to 5th minutes of running. The following results were obtained. 1. Body temperature showed no change regardless of group difference or on land or on board measurements. 2. Pulse rate increased markedly after boarding the ship id both groups. Pulse rate increased from the first day on board at rest and after exercise as compared to the on land control value. This increase in pulse rate was more marked after exercise. Sea duty group showed less increase in pulse rate at rest than the land duty group. Standing and resting pulse rate of sea duty group on lam was 81 and increased to 87 at the 5th day on board and remained smaller than the land duty group throughout the period on board. Control standing and resting pulse rate of land duty group on land was 76 and reached 89 at the 9th day on board and thereafter decreased a little. Pulse rate of land duty group at rest on board remained greater than that of sea duty group throughout the period on board. 3. Systolic blood pressure of sea duty group increased after boarding the ship and remained higher than the control value on land. In the land duty group, however, systolic blood pressure decreased during the period on board the ship. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in both groups. 4. Resting breathing rate of land duty group increased and remained higher than the control value on land. In sea duty group, however, resting breathing rate showed a transient increase on the 1st day on board and decreased thereafter to the control value on land and kept the same level throughout the period of cruise. Absolute value of breathing rate in the sea duty group was greater than the land duty group both at rest and after exercise. 5. There was a lowering of breathing efficiency in both groups. Thus, increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation volume and decreases in maximum breathing capacity, vital capacity, capacity ratio and air velocity Index were observed after boarding the ship. An increase in ventilation equivalent was also observed in both groups. The lowering of breathing efficiency was more marked in the land duty group than the sea duty group. 6. Energy expediture increased in both groups during their stay on the ship and was more marked in the sea duty group. 7, Lactate concentration in venous blood at rest and after exercise increased after boarding the ship and no group difference was observed.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1999

Injured spleens have been successfully managed without operation in a number of children; however, splenectomy or splenic-conserving surgery may not be avoided because of exsanguinating hemorrhage. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of splenic arterial embolization (SAE) to control hemorrhage from injured spleens in children. We compared the outcomes of two groups of children with splenic injury. The first group (G1) consisted of eighteen children who were managed with conventional selective nonoperative treatment between 1993 and 1994. The second group (G2) consisted of 23 children prospectively studied from 1996 to 1997 after SAE was added in the management protocol of splenic injury. The criteria for SAE were grade III or IV injury, extravasation of contrast material revealed by CT, or unstable vital signs without evidence of associated injuries. Laparotomy was performed in 6 patients of G1 (33.3 %), 2 of whom had associated injuries. Five underwent splenectomy and the overall salvage rate in G1 was 72.2 % (13/18). In G2, eight patients (34.8 %) had SAE, which stopped bleeding successfully in all patients. Two of G2 (8.7 %) had laparotomy because of associated injuries. Only one patient underwent splenectomy and the salvage rate was 95.6 % (22/23). No patients required transfusion after SAE. In conclusion, the SAE effectively controlled hemorrhage from injured spleens. More spleens were salvaged with a reduced laparotomy rate after application of SAE in splenic injury.