• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.291-298
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• 2007

Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus is one of the most important cultured fish in Korea, its farming has been negatively impacted by viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Streptococcal infection was considered as a serious problem because of significant economic losses in olive flounder farm industry. The development and evaluation of vaccine for protection against infection by this agent were required. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of ${\beta}$-hemolytic Streptococcus (S.) iniae vaccine on olive flounder Three hundreds of flounders (weight $119.8{\pm}20.7g$, body length $22.6{\pm}1.4cm$) were reared in 0.5 tons aquaria in land-marine tank system. Seawater was provided from the sea of Inchon in Korea, and water temperature was set to $22^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ in the vaccination and challenge test, respectively. We used the formalin-inactivated ${\beta}$-hemolytic S. iniae (F2K) vaccine (M VAC INIAE; Kyoritsu seiyaku, Japan) originated in Japan. The vaccine was intraperitoneally administered to fish. Both of vaccinated group and control group were challenged with intraperitoneally injection by virulent S. iniae SI-36 isolates with $1.0{\times}10^7CFU/fish$ at 3 weeks after vaccination. Difference on mortality of control and vaccinated group (90.0 and 15.0%, 76.5 and 8.0% respectively) at two trials were found significant (p<0.05), and relative percent survival were 83.4% and 89.5%, respectively. The dead fishes were showed dark pigmentation of skin, abdominal extension, hemorrhagic ascites, and liver necrosis, and isolated the S. iniae strain from ascites, liver and kidney. We confirmed the safety and efficacy of ${\beta}$-hemolytic S. iniae vaccine by determinations of the optimal management condition and artificial challenge test in olive flounder.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.19-29
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• 1996

The neurological manifestations of AIDS include dementia, encountered even in the absence of opportunistic superinfection or malignancy. The AIDS Dementia Complex appears to be associated with several neuropathological abnormalities, including astrogliosis and neuronal injury or loss. How can HIV-1 result in neuronal damage if neurons themselves are only rarely, if ever, infected by the vitus\ulcorner In vitro experiments from several different laboratiories have lent support to the existence of HIV- and immune-related toxins. In one recently defined pathway to neuronal injury, HIV-infected macrophages/microglia as well as macrophages activated by HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 appear to secrete excitants/neurotoxins. These substances may include arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor, free radicals (NO - and O$_2$), glutamate, quinolinate, cysteine, cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL1-B, IL-6), and as yet unidentified factors emanating from stimulated macrophages and possibly reactive astrocytes. A final common pathway for newonal suscepubility appears to be operative, similar to that observed in stroke, trauma, epilepsy, and several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This mechanism involves excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-operated channels, with resultant excessive influx of Ca$\^$2+/ leading to neuronal damage, and thus offers hope for future pharmacological intervention. This chapter reviews two clinically-tolerated NMDA antagonists, memantine and nitroglycerin; (ⅰ) Memantine is an open-channel blocker of the NMDA-associated ion channel and a close congener of the anti-viral and anti-parkinsonian drug amantadine. Memantine blocks the effects of escalating levels of excitotoxins to a greater degree than lower (piysiological) levels of these excitatory amino acids, thus sparing to some extent normal neuronal function. (ⅱ) Niuoglycerin acts at a redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptor/complex to downregulate its activity. The neuroprotective action of nitroglycerin at this site is mediated by n chemical species related to nitric oxide, but in a higher oxidation state, resulting in transfer of an NO group to a critical cysteine on the NMDA receptor. Because of the clinical safety of these drugs, they have the potential for trials in humans. As the structural basis for redox modulation is further elucidated, it may become possible to design even better redox reactive reagents of chinical value. To this end, redox modulatory sites of NMDA receptors have begun to be characterized at a molecular level using site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant subunits (NMDAR1, NMDAR2A-D). Two types of redox modulation can be distinguished. The first type gives rise to a persistent change in the functional activity of the receptor, and we have identified two cysteine residues on the NMDARI subunit (#744 and #798) that are responsible for this action. A second site, presumably also a cysteine(s) because <1 mM N-ethylmaleimide can block its effect in native neurons, underlies the other, more transient redox action. It appears to be at this, as yet unidentified, site on the NMDA receptor that the NO group acts, at least in recombinant receptors.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.639-643
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• 2010

Purpose: Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness in children, which is usually mild and self-limiting. However, in recent epidemics of HFMD in Asia, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been recognized as a causative agent with severe neurological symptoms with or without cardiopulmonary involvement. HFMD was epidemic in Korea in the spring of 2009. Severe cases with complications including death have been reported. The clinical characteristics in children with neurologic manifestations of EV71 were studied in Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital. Methods: Examinations for EV71 were performed from the stools, respiratory secretion or CSF of children who presented neurologic symptoms associated with HFMD by realtime PCR. Clinical and radiologic data of the patients were collected and analyzed. Results: EV71 was isolated from the stool of 16 patients but not from respiratory secretion or CSF. Among the 16 patients, meningitis (n=10) was the most common manifestation, followed by Guillain-Barre syndrome (n=3), meningoencephalitis (n=2), poliomyelitis-like paralytic disease (n=1), and myoclonus (n=1). Gene analysis showed that most of them were caused by EV71 subgenotype C4a, which was prevalent in China in 2008. Conclusion: Because EV71 causes severe complications and death in children, a surveillance system to predict upcoming outbreaks should be established and maintained and adequate public health measures are needed to control disease.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.288-293
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• 2013

In worldwide, viral diseases of apple plants has caused the serious problems like reduced production and malformation of fruits. Also, the damages of apple plants by virus and/or viroid infection (Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, Apple stem grooving virus, Apple mosaic virus, and Apple scar skin viroid) were reported in Korea. However there is few report about the protection approach against the infection by apple viruses. Therefore, this paper introduced the experimental protocol for the development of virus-free apple cultivars (Danhong, Hongan, Saenara, Summerdream). Apple plants were treated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks and shoot tips were cultured in vitro. After heat treatment, the detection of apple viruses was performed by RT-PCR using virusspecific detection primers in new apple cultivars. With the heat treatments followed by in vitro shoot tip culture, the proportion of virus-free stocks of 'Danhong', 'Hongan', 'Saenara', and 'Summerdream' was 28%, 16%, 12%, and 12%, respectively. Taken together, this approach can be a good tool for production of virus-free apple stocks.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.561-571
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• 2017

Prospecting of local grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm revealed that Tunisia possesses a rich patrimony which presents diversified organoleptic characteristics. However, viral diseases seriously affect all local grapevine cultivars which risk a complete extinction. Sanitation programs need to be established to preserve and exploit, as a gene pool, the Tunisian vineyards areas. The presence of the Grapevine leafroll associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3), Grapevine stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV) and Grapevine virus A (GVA), were confirmed in a Tunisian grapevine cultivar using serological and molecular analyses. The association between GRSPaV and GVA viruses induces more rugose wood symptoms and damages. For this reason the cleansing of the infected cultivar is highly advisable. Direct and recurrent somatic embryos of cv. 'Hencha' were successfully induced from filament, when cultured on $Ch{\acute{e}}e$and Pool (1987). based-medium, enriched with $2mg1^{-1}$ of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and $2.5mg1^{-1}$ of Thidiazuron, after 36 weeks of culture. After six months of acclimatization, RT-PCR carried on 50 somaplants confirmed the absence of GVA, GRSPaV as well as GLRaV-3 viruses in all somaplants. Ampelographic analysis, based on eight OIV descriptors, was carried out on two years acclimated somaplants, compared to the mother plant. Results demonstrated that the shape and contours of 46 somaclones leaves are identical to mother plant leaves and four phenotypically off-type plants were observed. The healthy state of 100% 'Hencha' somaclones and the high percentage of phenotypically true-to-type plants demonstrate that somatic embryogenesis is a promising technique to adopt for grapevine viruses elimination.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 2014

In this study, the shoot clumps extract of tissue-cultured Raoulia australis using the bioreactor culture system was tested for use a natural cosmetic ingredient. Tissue-cultured R. australis shoot clumps extract was tested anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity for a cosmetic application. R. australis is a wild herbaceous plant of the asteraceae growing in New Zealand and Australia. Previous studies have reported anti-viral activity of the inhibitory effects for the growth of viruses induced meningitis, bronchitis and respiratory diseases but other biological effects are unknown. The shoot clumps extract of tissue-cultured R. australis showed higher anti-oxidant effect and anti-inflammatory effect than the natural R. australis extract. In DPPH, NBT and ABTS assay, the shoot clumps extract of tissue-cultured R. australis enhanced radical scavenging activity (up to 10~25% at $50{\mu}L/mL$) more than the natural R. australis extract. Also, the shoot clumps extract of tissue-cultured R. australis inhibited expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages more than the natural R. australis extract. From this study, the shoot clumps extract of tissue-cultured R. australis displayed strong possibility as a new natural cosmetic ingredient for skin-care products.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.152-158
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• 2000

Purpose : Kawasaki disease is an acute illness of unknown cause that affects infants and children. Sometimes, cervical lymphadenitis that seems to be caused by bacterial or viral agents at admission would be changed to Kawasaki disease within several days of hospitalization. Lymphadenopathy is one of major presenting manifestation of both cervical lymphadenitis and Kawasaki disease. We compared Kawasaki disease with cervical lymphadenopathy as the initial manifestation with cervical lymphadenitis without other typical manifestations of Kawasaki disease. Methods : We describe and compare the clinical characteristics of 15 patients with Kawasaki disease which were misdiagnosed as cervical lymphadenitis and 125 patients with cervical lymphadenitis, retrospectively. Results : The clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease with cervical lymphadenopathy as an initial presenting manifestation were older in age and had more frequent abnormalities in markers of systemic inflammation than kawasaki disease without cervical lymphadenopathy. They would have greater abnormalities in markers of inflammation than cervical lymphadenitis alone. They had higher mean WBC, cESR, CRP which were compared with the patients with cervical lymphadenitis. Usually, patients with cervical lymphadenitis responded to antibiotics promptly, but they did not tend to be responded to antibiotics within 48~72hrs. Conclusion : Patients with Kawasaki disease may initially present with findings that strongly suggest bacterial lymphadenitis with or without other manifestations of Kawasaki disease. If they did not response initial antibiotics administration, they should be closed observed for the possible development of the another signs of Kawasaki disease. Earlier diagnosis of Kawasaki disease can avoid the need for unnecessary procedures and antibiotics and lead to more proper therapy directed at Kawasaki disease.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 2000

Purpose : Rotavirus is a most common etiologic agent of pediatric gastroenteritis. The standard method to diagnose rotavirus infection was the detection of viral particles in specimens through electron microscopy. But it was complex. Enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutinin are preferred because they are relatively handy, inexpensive and take a short time, in comparison with electron microscopy. However, several reports have shown that the use of ELISA to diagnose rotavirus infection in neonates can result in false positive reactions. The main purpose of this study is to compare ELISA and RT-PCR in the diagnosis of neonatal rotavirus infection. Methods : Data presented in this study were obtained form 123 newborn babies in the nursery of the Fatima Hospital, Masan, Korea, form Jury to December, 1997. We obtained two samples of stool from each of the newborn babies and then performed the Rotazyme test and the RT-PCR. In the Rotazyme test, the results were interpreted according to visual findings. The samples were used for the RT-PCR test after at stock $-30^{\circ}C$ to identify rotavirus group A. The result of the two tests were compared. Results : The informations are divided into 73 males and females. Out of the total informations 15 were transferred from other hospitals. Their average gestational age was $38.5{\pm}1.6$ weeks. The average birth weight was $3134.8{\pm}539gm$. In the Rotazyme test, 75 samples turned out to be positive. Out of them, 55 samples(75.3%) were positive and 18 samples(24.7%) were negative in the RT-PCR. On the other hand, in the Rotazyme test, 50 samples turned out be negative. Out of them, 27 samples(54%) were positive and 23 samples(46%) were negative in the RT-PCR. Conclusion : Rotavirus infection in uncommon in neonates. The diagnosis based on visual findings using Rotazyme test has a disadvantage in the sense that it can result in false positive reactions and false negative reactions in the diagnosis of neonatal rotavirus infection.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2008

Purpose : Acute gastroenteritis is a frequent childhood disease. The purpose of this study is to determine if certain pathogens are related to more severe clinical disease in children with acute gastroenteritis. Methods : Two hundred seventy one stool samples were obtained from pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis that was associated with virus, bacteria and protozoa infection between January 2006 and December 2006. The clinical severity was assessed by using the 24 point scale Clark score. We evaluate the Clark score according to the pathogens. Results : One hundred thirty seven children were noted to have virus, bacteria or protozoal infection. Rotavirus was the most common pathogen found in the children with gastroenteritis (20.6%). Other frequent pathogens were norovirus (10.7%) and E. coli (12.9%). Vomiting (P=0.049) and diarrhea (P=0.003) symptoms were more frequent in the rotavirus group than that in the rotavirus negative group. There were no statistical differences in the Clark score between the virus positive group and the virus negative group. Conclusion : We concluded that rotavirus was the most common pathogen in children with gastroenteritis, yet the clinical severity was not dependent on the presence of viral or bacterial pathogens.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6997-7005
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• 2013

Aim: To present an epidemiological and histological perspective of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (including liver and biliary tract) at the Section of Histopathology, Department of Pathology, AKUH, Karachi, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: All consecutive endoscopic biopsies and resections between October 1 and December 31, 2012 were included. Results: A total of 2,323 cases were included. Carcinoma was overwhelmingly the commonest diagnosis on esophageal biopsies (69.1%); chronic helicobacter gastritis (45.6%) followed by adenocarcinoma (23.5%) were the commonest diagnoses on gastric biopsies; adenocarcinoma (27.3%) followed by ulcerative colitis (13.1%) were the commonest diagnoses on colonic biopsies; acute appendicitis (59.1%) was the commonest diagnosis on appendicectomy specimens; chronic viral hepatitis (44.8%) followed by hepatocellular carcinoma (23.4%) were the commonest diagnoses on liver biopsies; chronic cholecystitis was the commonest diagnosis (over 89%) on cholecystectomy specimens. Conclusions: Squamous cell carcinoma comprised 88.8% of esophageal cancers. About 67% were in the lower third and 56.5% were moderately differentiated; mean ages 49.8 years for females and 55.8 years for males; 66% cases were from South West Pakistan. Over 67% patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were males; mean ages 59 and 44 years in males and females respectively, about 74% gastric carcinomas were poorly differentiated; and 62.2% were located in the antropyloric region. About 63% patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma were males; mean ages 46.1 and 50.5 years for males and females respectively; tumor grade was moderately differentiated in 54%; over 80% were located in the left colon. In 21.2% appendicectomies, no acute inflammation was found. Acute appendicitis was most common in young people. Hepatitis C (66.3%) was more common than hepatitis B (33.7%); about 78% cases of hepatocellular carcinoma occurred in males; females comprised 76.7% patients with chronic cholecystitis; and 77.8% patients with gall bladder carcinoma. All resection specimens showed advanced cancers. Most cancers occurred after the age of 50 years.