• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2000

Purpose : Urabe AM-9 strain was known to be associated with increased aseptic meningitis. The reason for high incidence of vaccine-associated meningitis was known that nucleotide(nt) substituted form G to A at position 1081 of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) gene and therefore, glutamic acid changed to lysine at amino acid 335. We assessed by comparing nt sequence of the HN gene form Urabe AM-9 strain with wild strain and documented the correlation between nt substitution and vaccine-associated meningitis. Methods : Two lots of Urabe AM-9 vaccine distributed in Korea and mumps wild strains isolated from 1998 through 1999 were analysed. Analysis was made by nt sequencing following amplification of HN gene by RT-PCR. Results : Nucleotide substitution at position 343, 1476, 1570 was not found in both Urabe AM-9 vaccines and wild strains. But analysis of vaccine strains and wild strains isolated from patients revealed substitution from G to A at nt 1081 of the HN gene. Therefore, it encodes lysine instead of glutamic acid at amino acid 335. There was no mixture from of G and A at nt 1081. Nt at 1470 of one lot of Urabe AM-9 vaccines changed from C to A after Vero cell passage. Nt at 1727 of vaccines and wild strains was substituted A to G, so it encodes glycine instead of aspartic acid. Conclusion : Nucleotide analysis of HN gene revealed that nt 1081 of Urabe AM-9 vaccines and wild strains had wild type AAA($Lys^{335}$) instead of variant type GAA($Glu^{335}$). The results of this study suggest that there was a probability of vaccine-associated meningitis due to Urabe AM-9 in Korea before. But incidence of actual side effect was not evaluated because there was no reporting system in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.49-69
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• 2005

More than 30 years have elapsed since the first report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) was published in 1971. Since that publication, the ICTV recognizes about 1,550 virus species, but some 30,000 virus strains and isolates are being tracked by virologists in different fields of biology. The ICTV is the 'international court' of experts that rules on names and relationships of all virus, but only to the level of species. Virus taxonomy is changing rapidly, with changes ranging from the trivial(use of italics for species names) to profound reorganization driven by the explosion of sequence information. The universal system of viral taxonomy now accepts Linnean-like classification at the levels of order, family, subfamily, genus, and species. The suffix '-virales' identifies an order, Families are identified by the suffix '-viridae' subfamilies are identified by the suffix '-virinae', and genera are identified by the suffix '-virus'. The importance of distinguishing subspecies, strains, and isolates in vaccine development, diagnostics, etc. is recognized, but these lower levels are not formally classified by ICTV. This paper mainly introduces taxonomy and classification of animal viruses on the basis of the seventh report of the ICTV edited by Van Regenmortal et al. in 2000.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.315-316
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• 2018

Genome engineering with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system can be used as a tool to correct pathological mutations or modulate gene expression levels associated with pathogenesis of human diseases. Owing to well-established local administration methods including intravitreal and subretinal injection, it is relatively easy to administer therapeutic genome engineering machinery to ocular tissues for treating retinal diseases. In this context, we have investigated the potential of in vivo genome engineering as a therapeutic approach in the form of ribonucleoprotein or CRISPR packaged in viral vectors. Major issues in therapeutic application of genome engineering include specificity and efficacy according to types of CRISPR system. In addition to previous platforms based on ribonucleoprotein and CRISPR-associated protein 9 derived from Campylobacter jejuni, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of a CRISPR RNA-guided endonuclease derived from Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006 (LbCpf1) in regulating pathological angiogenesis in an animal model of wet-type age-related macular degeneration. LbCpf1 targeting Vegfa or Hif1a effectively disrupted the expression of genes in ocular tissues, resulting in suppression of choroidal neovascularization. It was also notable that there were no significant off-target effects in vivo.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 1999

The most important progress in diagnostic sciences is the increased sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic procedures due to the development of newer micromethodologies and increasing availability of immunological and molecular biological reagents. The outcome of researches in this field has already provided DNA probes and antibodies which can be used for diagnosing various kinds of diseases including inherited ones. This development can be also applied to diagnose diseases in oral and maxillofacial regions. Technological advances have yielded highly sensitive test methodologies so that low analyte concentration and small sample volume are no longer limiting factors. Therefore, saliva can be useful test fluid for an array of analytes. Salivary constituents of diagnostic significance include steroid hormones, antibodies, drugs, and tumor markers. Of the proteins present in saliva, viral-specific immunoglobulins are of the greatest diagnostic interest. The development of conjugates and antigens by recombinant DNA technique and peptide synthesis is necessary for clinical application. Several kits developed for the purpose of blood testing should be modified to permit their application to saliva. The final practical outcome of researches in diagnostic sciences will be various diagnostic agents which can be used for detection of bacteria and viruses, screening and diagnosis of diseases, genetic screening for forensic individual identification. For these purposes, collaboration researches and development between institutions and companies are essential.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 1993

The severities of major tobacco diseases had been surveyed throughout northern Kyeongbuk, a major flue-cured tobacco growing district in Korea, in relation to the actual control method used by the farmers in 1992. At seedling stage, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum nicotianae was major disease of the plant due to poor damage of the temporary transplanting pots. Mosaic caused by tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) was very severe in certain of greenhouses. Although viral disease caused by TMV, cucumber mosaic virus(CMV) and by potato virus Y(PVY) were severe in fields, but mosaic by TMV was major of the diseases. Potato virus Y was found later than that in Honam district. The late occurrence of the disease might be caused the difference between cultivating method of potato plants in northern Kyeongbuk and that in Honam district. In fields suffered from hail disaster, the damage of tobacco plants by angular leaf spot was severe. Most of tobacco growers had wrong information about the practical methods not only of milk treatment for the protection of the plants from TMV, but also of fungicide applications for the control of other major diseases. It suggested that education on the methods to the farmers must be very important for control of the diseases.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.209-223
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• 2007

Nature is one of the most important sources of pharmacologically active compounds in the search for drugs against life threatening diseases. Even though plants and terrestrial microorganisms have played as an important source for the new drug candidates from nature, marine organisms such as tunicates, sponges, soft corals, sea horses, sea snakes, marine mollusks, seaweeds, nudibranches, sea slugs and marine microorganisms are increasingly attracting attention in recent years. Marine organisms also have the potential to develop into future drugs against important diseases, such as cancer, a range of bacterial and viral diseases, malaria, and inflammations. Even though the mechanism of action in the molecular level of most metabolites is still unclear, the mechanisms by which they interfere with the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases have been reported. The knowledge of this is one of the key factors necessary to develop bioactive compounds into medicines. This is due to their structurally unique and pharmacologically active compounds. The potential pharmaceutical, medicinal and research applications of some of these compounds are discussed in hundreds of scientific papers, and are reviewed here.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.320-331
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• 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major health burden worldwide, with over 450 million confirmed cases and 6 million deaths. Although the acute phase of COVID-19 management has been established, there is still a long way to go to evaluate the long-term clinical course or manage complications due to the relatively short outbreak of the virus. Pulmonary fibrosis is one of the most common respiratory complications associated with COVID-19. Scarring throughout the lungs after viral or bacterial pulmonary infection have been commonly observed, but the prevalence of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis is rapidly increasing. However, there is limited information available about post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis, and there is also a lack of consensus on what condition should be defined as post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis. During a relatively short follow-up period of approximately 1 year, lesions considered related to pulmonary fibrosis often showed gradual improvement; therefore, it is questionable at what time point fibrosis should be evaluated. In this review, we investigated the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and management of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.178.2-178.2
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• 2003

Naturally occurring sugar mimics with a nitrogen in the ring are classified into five structural classes: polyhydroxylated pyrrolidines, piperidines, indolizidines. pyrrolizidine, and nortropanes. Glycosidase are involved in a wide range of important biological processes, such as intestinal digestion, post-translational processing of glycoproteins and the lysosomal catabolism of glycoconjugate. The realization that alkaloidal sugar mimics might have enormous therapeutic potential in many diseases such as viral infection, cancer and diabetes has led to increasing interest and demand for these compounds. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.39-55
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• 2008

Like the other herpesviruses, the virion of MDV consists of an envelope, which surrounds an amorphous tegument. Within the tegument, and icosahedral capsid encloses a linear double-stranded DNA core. Although the genome structure of MDV indicates that it is an ${\alpha}-herpesvirus$ like herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, biological properties indicate MDV is more akin to the ${\gamma}-herpesvirus$ group, which includes Epstein-Barr and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesviruses. These herpesviruses replicate lytically in lymphocytes, epithelial and fibroblastic cells, and persist in lymphoblastoid cells. MDV has a complex life cycle and uses two means of replication, productive and non-productive, to exist and propagate. The method of reproduction changes according to a defined pattern depending on changes in virus-cell interactions at different stages of the disease, and in different tissues. Productive (lytic) interactions involve active invasion and take-over of the host cell, resulting in the production of infectious progeny virions. However, some herpesviruses, including MDV, can also establish a non-productive (abortive) infection in certain cell types, resulting in production of cell-associated progeny virus. Non-productive interactions represent persistent infection, in which the viral genome is present but gene expression is limited, there is no structural or regulatory gene translation, no replication, no release of progeny virions and no cell death. Reactivation of the virus is rare, and usually the infectious virus can be re-isolated only after cultivation in vitro. MDV establishes latency in lymphoid cells, some of which are subsequently transformed. In this review article, recent knowledges of the pathogenesis mechanisms followed by MDV infection to sensitive cells and chickens are discussed precisely.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2021

Eosinophilic meningitis is defined as the presence of more than 10 eosinophils per µl in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or eosinophils accounting for more than 10% of CSF leukocytes in patients with acute meningitis. Parasites are the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis worldwide, but there is limited research on patients in Korea. Patients diagnosed with eosinophilic meningitis between January 2004 and June 2018 at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea were retrospectively reviewed. The etiology and clinical characteristics of each patient were identified. Of the 22 patients included in the study, 11 (50%) had parasitic causes, of whom 8 (36%) were diagnosed as neurocysticercosis and 3 (14%) as Toxocara meningitis. Four (18%) patients were diagnosed with fungal meningitis, and underlying immunodeficiency was found in 2 of these patients. The etiology of another 4 (18%) patients was suspected to be tuberculosis, which is endemic in Korea. Viral and bacterial meningitis were relatively rare causes of eosinophilic meningitis, accounting for 2 (9%) and 1 (5%) patients, respectively. One patient with neurocysticercosis and 1 patient with fungal meningitis died, and 5 (23%) had neurologic sequelae. Parasite infections, especially neurocysticercosis and toxocariasis, were the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in Korean patients. Fungal meningitis, while relatively rare, is often aggressive and must be considered when searching for the cause of eosinophilic meningitis.