• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.56-67
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• 2013

Because H.264/SVC can meet the needs of different networks and user terminals, it has become more and more popular. In this paper, we focus on the spatial resolution scalability of H.264/SVC and propose a blind video watermarking algorithm for the copyright protection of H.264/SVC coded video. The watermark embedding occurs before the H.264/SVC encoding, and only the original enhancement layer sequence is watermarked. However, because the watermark is embedded into the average matrix of each macro block, it can be detected in both the enhancement layer and base layer after downsampling, video encoding, and video decoding. The proposed algorithm is examined using JSVM, and experiment results show that is robust to H.264/SVC coding and has little influence on video quality.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제51권7호
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• pp.302-307
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• 2002

Digital watermarking is the technique, which embeds an invisible signal including signal including owner identification and copy control information into multimedia data such as audio, video, and images for copyright protection. A new MPEG watermark embedding algorithm using complex block effect based on the Human Visual System(HVS) is introduced in this paper. In this algorithm, $8{\times}8$ dark blocks are selected, and the watermark is embedded in the DC component of the discrete cosine transform(DCT) by using quantization and modulus calculation. This algorithm uses a blind watermark retrieval technique, which detects the embedded watermark without using the original image. The experimental results show that the proposed watermark technique is robust against MPEG coding, bitrate changes, and various GOP(Group of Picture) changes.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2006년도 심포지엄 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.84-86
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• 2006

An informed watermarking algorithm is proposed in this work that aids in concealing packet loss errors in video communications. This watermark-based error concealment(WEC) method embeds a low resolution version of the video frame inside itself as watermark data. At the receiver, the extracted watermark is used as a reference for error concealment. The proposed DCT-based algorithm has features of informed watermarking in order to minimize the distortion of the host frame. At the encoder, a predictive feedback loop Is employed which helps to adjusts the strength of the scale factor Furthermore, some of the modified coefficients of the DCT signal are virtually free from distortion by employing bit- sign adaptivity. The performance of the detector is Qualitatively analyzed for error concealment applications where full-frame DCT embedding proved to be more advantageous.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.794-799
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• 2008

This paper presents a user identification method at H.264 streaming using watermarking with fingerprints. The watermark can efficiently reduce the potential danger of forgery or alteration. Especially a biometric watermark has convenient, economical advantages. The fingerprint watermark can also improve reliability of verification using automated fingerprint identification systems. These algorithms, however, are not robust against common video compression. To overcome this problem, we analyze H.264 compression pattern and extract watermark after restoring damaged watermark using various filters. The proposed algorithm consists of enhancement of a fingerprint image, watermark insertion using discrete wavelet transform and extraction after restoring. The proposed algorithm can achieve robust watermark extraction against H.264 compressed videos.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.280-294
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• 2015

This paper presents the infectious watermarking model (IWM) for the protection of video contents that are based on biological virus modeling by the infectious route and procedure. Our infectious watermarking is designed as a new paradigm protection for video contents, regarding the hidden watermark for video protection as an infectious virus, video content as host, and codec as contagion medium. We used pathogen, mutant, and contagion as the infectious watermark and defined the techniques of infectious watermark generation and authentication, kernel-based infectious watermarking, and content-based infectious watermarking. We experimented with our watermarking model by using existing watermarking methods as kernel-based infectious watermarking and content-based infectious watermarking medium, and verified the practical applications of our model based on these experiments.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.4568-4587
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• 2014

Authentication of videos and images based on the content is becoming an important problem in information security. Unfortunately, previous studies lack the consideration of Kerckhoffs's principle in order to achieve this (i.e., a cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge). In this paper, a solution to the problem of finding a relationship between a frame's index and its content is proposed based on the creative utilization of a robust manifold feature. The proposed solution is based on a novel semi-fragile watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC video content authentication. At first, the input I-frame is partitioned for feature extraction and watermark embedding. This is followed by the temporal feature extraction using the Isometric Mapping algorithm. The frame index is included in the feature to produce the temporal watermark. In order to improve security, the spatial watermark will be encrypted together with the temporal watermark. Finally, the resultant watermark is embedded into the Discrete Cosine Transform coefficients in the diagonal positions. At the receiver side, after watermark extraction and decryption, temporal tampering is detected through a mismatch between the frame index extracted from the temporal watermark and the observed frame index. Next, the feature is regenerate through temporal feature regeneration, and compared with the extracted feature. It is judged through the comparison whether the extracted temporal watermark is similar to that of the original watermarked video. Additionally, for spatial authentication, the tampered areas are located via the comparison between extracted and regenerated spatial features. Experimental results show that the proposed method is sensitive to intentional malicious attacks and modifications, whereas it is robust to legitimate manipulations, such as certain level of lossy compression, channel noise, Gaussian filtering and brightness adjustment. Through a comparison between the extracted frame index and the current frame index, the temporal tempering is identified. With the proposed scheme, a solution to the Kerckhoffs's principle problem is specified.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2012

모바일 환경에서의 동영상 콘텐츠는 네트워크 트래픽과 같은 성능을 고려하여 일반 동영상에 비해 비트율이 낮은 비디오 영상을 처리하게 되고, 비트율이 낮은 동영상에 대한 소유권 보호의 필요성이 요구된다. 따라서 모바일 장치는 퍼스널 컴퓨터와 성능면에서 많은 차이점을 가지고 있으므로 모바일 장치에서 디지털 미디어를 보호하기 위해서는 모바일 환경에 적합한 워터마킹 처리 알고리즘을 개발해야 한다. 본 논문은 M-Commerce 환경에서 모바일 장치의 낮은 성능을 고려하여 비트율이 낮은 비디오 콘텐츠에 대한 비시각적인 대역 확산(Spread Spectrum) 워터마킹 기법을 제안하고, 동영상 콘텐츠의 불법적인 행위자들을 추적하여 소유권의 보호를 보장할 수 있다. 워터마크가 내장된 콘텐츠의 공격에 대한 강인성의 평가는 워터마크를 제거하거나 손상된 콘텐츠를 추출 알고리즘의 상관관계(Correlation)로 나타낸다. 실험 결과에 따르면 워터마크의 강인성을 평가하기 위해 워터마크가 내장된 영상을 압축한 후 M-Sequence의 주기를 추출한 결과 모든 영상에서 고유한 M-Sequence의 주기를 쉽게 검출할 수 있었다. 따라서 비트율이 낮은 콘텐츠에서도 워터마크 추출을 보장하여 불법적인 사용자의 추적이 가능할 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.465-470
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 MPEG2 부호화기내에서 삽입된 워터마크(watermark)의 비트 검출율에 따라 워터마크의 삽입 세기를 적응적으로 조절하는 방법을 제안한다. MPEG2 부호화내에서 워터마크를 삽입하고, 움직임 보상을 위해 복호화한 프레임에서 추출한 워터마크의 BER(bit error rate) 값에 따라 워터마크 세기를 적응적으로 조절한다. 워터마크의 각 비트는 주파수 확산방식을 사용하여 삽입한다. 워터마크 검출은 MPEG2 복호화시에 주파수 영역에서 실시간으로 검출한다. 실험 결과, PSNR(peak signal to noise ratio)은 고정적인 워터마크 세기를 적용한 경우 31.5dB, 가변적 워터마크 세기를 적용한 경우 33.0dB이다. 평균 BER은 0.126으로 허용 한계치 0.2보다 작다.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 MPEG2 부호화기내에서 워터마크 세기를 비트율과 움직임 벡터의 크기에 따라 적응적으로 조절하는 방법을 제안한다. I 프레임에 대하여는 양자화 스텝 크기에 따라 워터마크 세기를 가변적으로 조절하고, P, B 프레임은 고효율의 압축이 실현되므로 워터마크의 강인성을 유지하기 위해 비트율과 매크로 블록의 움직임 벡터의 크기에 따라 적응적으로 워터마크 세기를 조절한다. 워터마크 검출은 MPEG 동영상을 완전히 복호화하지 않고 MPEG 복호화시에 DCT 영역에서 실시간으로 검출한다. 실험 결과, 제안한 방법은 화질의 차이가 눈에 띄지 않고 GoP 변환후 동영상 재압축, 저주파 필터 공격과 프레임 삭제 등의 동영상 편집 공격에서도 강인함을 나타낸다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제31권7C호
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• pp.700-705
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• 2006

In this paper, an informed watermarking algorithm is proposed that aids in concealing packet loss errors in video communications. This watermark-based error concealment (WEC) method embeds a low resolution version of the video frame inside itself as watermark data. At the receiver, the extracted watermark is used as a reference for error concealment. The proposed DCT-based algorithm employs informed watermarking techniques in order to minimize the distortion of host frames. At the encoder, a predictive feedback loop is employed which helps to adjust the strength of the data embedding. Furthermore, the distortion of the DCT coefficients introduced in the embedding can be removed to a considerable extent, by employing bit-sign adaptivity. Simulation results on standard video sequences show that the proposed informed WEC scheme has an advantage of 3$\sim$4 dB in PSNR over non-informed WEC and that even a non-informed WEC is still superior to conventional error concealment techniques.