• 환경영향평가
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2003

Bacterial activities of dam reservoir sediments were assessed using the methods of viable counts, ATP contents, dehydrogenase activity, and oxygen consumption. Viable heterotrophs in collected sediments were observed in the range of $10^6{\sim}10^{10}$ CFU/g dry wt. sediment. All assessed methods showed high activities in sediment samples collected from near dam site. In addition, bacteria increase in sediments amended with cellulose, starch, lipid, and protein compounds. Various ranges of antibiotics and heavy metals resistance bacteria were also detected, especially, 10~100 times less numbers of Cd resistance bacteria were observed compared with those of Pb and Cr. In general, antibiotics resistance groups were in the range of $10^{-1}{\sim}10^{-6}$ times of control.

• 생약학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.39-42
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• 1984

To examine stability and a separate quantitative method of a mixed preparation of lactic acid bacteria, a capsule containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus was suspended and diluted in sterile water. After the diluted suspension was spread on three media of tryptone glucose extract agar, MRS agar and MRS-sucrose agar, their colonies appeared and were counted. The viable counts exceeded the minimum number of the three bacteria and showed that the mixed preparation was stable at least for 18 months. The results also showed that a separate quantitation of viable cells of the each strain was feasible.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.57-70
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• 1996

This paper intends to investigate commercial fish and shellfish 25 species (fish 8 species, shellfish 7 species, crustacean 3 species, moluse 4 species and echinodermata) for the distribution of sanitary indicator organisms (total viable counts, coliforms, staphylococci, vibrios, and enterococci) and distributional change of indicator organisms accordion to storage temperature and period. The logarithmic mean of total viable counts for total commercial fish and shellfish 25 species was 5.41$\pm$.026 CFU/g, and in accordance with fish and shellfishes, crustacean 6.76$\pm$0.67 CFU/g, shellfish 5.67$\pm$0.56 CFU/g, echinodermata 5.47$\pm$1.50 CFU/g, fish 5.02$\pm$0.38 CFU/g, and mollusc 5.03$\pm$0.65 CFU/g. The logarithmic mean of enterococci was 2.36$\pm$0.37 CFU/g, and in accordane with fish and shellfish, crustacean 3.44$\pm$2.12 CFU/g, shellfish 3.87$\pm$0.45 CFU/g, echinodermata 3.38$\pm$0.0 CFU/g, fish 2.16$\pm$0.41 CFU/g and mollusc 0.01$\pm$0.0 CFU/g. The logarithmic mean of vibrios was 1.60$\pm$1.59 CFU/g, and in accordance with fish and shellfish, crustacean 4.23$\pm$1.11 CFU/g, shellfish 3.58$\pm$0.90 CFU/g, echinodermata 1.64$\pm$0.34 CFU/g, fish 1.79$\pm$0.67 CFU/g and mollusc 1.07$\pm$0.61 CFU/g. The logarithmic mean of staphylococci was 1.60$\pm$1.59 CFU/g, and in accordance with fish and shellfish, shellfish 0.01$\pm$0.00 CFU/g, echinodermata 3.51$\pm$0.60 CFU/g, fish 1.68$\pm$0.64 CFU/g, crustacean 0.34$\pm$0.33 and mollusc 3.90$\pm$0.11 CFU/g. The logarithmic mean of coliformas was 2.52$\pm$0.32 CFU/g, and in accordance with fish and shellfish, echinodermata 3.58$\pm$1.89 CFU/g was highest, shellfish 3.25$\pm$0.30 CFU/g, crustacean 3.23$\pm$0.49 CFU/g, fish 2.18$\pm$0.63 CFU/g, peeled shellfish 1.80$\pm$0.51 CFU/g and mollusc 1.55$\pm$0.95 CFU/g. As the results of research of the change of the contaminate indicator microflora in working with storage period at 1$0^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$, total viable counts was increased without storage temperature and enterococci were decreased slowly at 1$0^{\circ}C$, but increased at 20 and 3$0^{\circ}C$. Vibrios were decreased slowly at 1$0^{\circ}C$, decreased at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$in 2 days after increased rapidly. Staphylococci were increased promptly without storage temperature in 2 days, then the total viable counts were maintained. Coliforms were increased at 1$0^{\circ}C$ by 7 days, then decreased or maintained after 14 days, changed at 2$0^{\circ}C$ in accordance with fish species in 2 days, then returned to the initial total viable count, and decreased rapidly at 3$0^{\circ}C$ on 2 days. By the way, there were no difference among the species.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1485-1489
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• 2005

당의 종류에 따라 추출 및 발효 숙성된 미나리 액상 추출물들의 $CO_2$ 생성 억제 및 미나리 액상 추출물의 규격화를 수행하였다. 흑설탕, 올리고당 및 과당으로 침출된 미나리액상 추출물은 적정산도 $0.74\%{\~}1.12\%$를 나타냈으며, 과당을 사용한 경우에 환원당이 $50\%$로 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 미나리 액상추출물의 초기 생균수는 흑설탕을 이용한 경우에 $1.6{\times}10^6$ CFU/mL의 생균수를 보였으며, 올리고당, 과당의 순서로 생균수가 낮았다. 미나리 액상추출물의 $CO_2$ 생성량은 올리고당을 사용한 경우에 가장 높았으며 과당을 이용한 경우에 가장 낮았다. 흑설탕 또는 올리고당 침출 미나리액상 추출물은 $85^{\circ}C$에서 15분 열처리에 의해서 미나리 액상추출차의 규격에 맞는 생균수를 보였으며, $3\%$ 구연산의 첨가에 의해서 당의 종류에 관계없이 미나리 액상추출물에 존재하는 미생물을 사멸시킬 수 있었다. 흑설탕, 과당, 올리고당으로 제조된 미나리 액상 추출물에 $3\%$ 구연산을 첨가하여 열처리하여 액상추출차로 제품화한 후에 성분 규격을 검사한 결과, 미나리 액상 추출물은 성상, 대장균군, 세균수, 타르색소, 납 성분 검사에서 모두 적합하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.183-188
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• 2003

수산가공 부산물인 갑오징어갑의 효율적 이용을 목적으로 고 용해성 아세트산 처리 갑오징어갑 분말을 응고제로 이용하여 보통 두부를 제조한 다음, 이의 저장성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 염화칼슘을 응고제로 하여 제조한 두부의 pH, 담금액의 탁도, 적정산도 및 생균수는 저장 6일째까지 거의 변화가 없었으나, 이후 pH 및 담금액의 탁도는 급격히 감소를, 적정산도 및 생균수는 급격히 증가하였다. 그러나 갑오징어갑 분말을 응고제로 하여 제조한 두부의 pH 담금액의 탁도, 적정산도 및 생균수는 저장 9일까지 거의 변화가 없었고, 이후 PH 및 담금액의 탁도는 미미한 감소를, 적정산도 및 생균수는 미미한 증가를 하여 염화칼슘을 응고제로 한 두부와 차이가 있었다. 한편, 백색도는 응고제의 종류 및 저장기간에 관계없이 저장 중 변화가 없었다. 조직감은 경도 및 부스러짐성의 경우 응고제의 종류에 관계없이 저장 3일째까지 감소하였고, 이후 염화칼슘으로 제조한 두부의 경우 저장 6일째까지, 갑오징어갑 분말로 제조한 두부의 경우 저장 9일째까지는 변화가 적었으나, 이후 염화칼슘으로 제조한 두부의 경우 크게 감소하였고, 갑오징어갑 분말로 제조한 두부의 경우 미미하게 감소하였다. 관능검사의 경우 응고제의 종류에 관계없이 물리화학적 분석의 결과와 유사하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 두부의 유통기한은 갑오징어갑 분말을 응고제로 한 두부의 경우 9일, 염화칼슘을 응고제로 한 두부의 경우 6일로 판단되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.730-736
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• 1997

저염 동치미 쥬스의 향미특성을 유지하는 가열살균 조건을 찾고자 가열온도와 시간이 총균수와 품질특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 저염 동치미 쥬스의 제조는 무를 0.5%의 소금용액에 담그어 $20^{\circ}C$에서 발효시켰다. 적당히 발효된 pH 3.8의 동치미 쥬스를 $60{\sim}100^{\circ}C$의 범위에서 $5{\sim}30$분간 가열한 결과 pH와 총산도는 거의 변화가 없었으나 쥬스의 밝기(L값)는 감소하였으며 탁도와 a, b값들은 가열온도와 시간이 증가할수록 약간씩 높아졌다. 총균수는 가열 후 현저히 감소하여 60, $70^{\circ}C$에서 30분씩 가열한 동치미 쥬스는 각각 18, 6 CFU/mL로 감소하였으며 90, $100^{\circ}C$에서 10분간 가열한 후에는 균이 검출되지 않았다. 가열한 동치미 쥬스의 관능적 특성은 $70^{\circ}C$에서 20분간 가열할때까지 크게 변하지 않았으나 그 이상의 조건에서는 익은맛 등의 이취미가 현저히 증가하였다. 가열살균한 동치미 쥬스를 $30^{\circ}C$에서 10일간 저장한 결과 pH, 총산도, 색은 거의 변화가 없었지만 가열하지 않은 동치미는 현저히 변화하였다. 살균한 동치미 쥬스의 저장 중 총균수는 초기 총균수와 거의 같은 수준이었다. 그리하여 동치미 쥬스의 가열살균 조건으로는 쥬스의 특성에 영향을 최소한으로 하고 저장성이 높았던 $60^{\circ}C$에서 30분 또는 $70^{\circ}C$에서 20분간이 적절하였다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.1066-1075
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 사군자탕 구성 재료의 기능성을 연구하고자 사군자탕가루를 스폰지 케이크에 첨가하여 제조하였다. 케이크에 대한 한약재의 첨가량은 6%로 5개(S1(사군자탕가루), S2(인삼가루), S3(백복령가루), S4(백출가루), S5(감초가루))의 첨가군으로 구성하였다. 한약 재료의 첨가에 따라 완제품의 부피감소가 SC> S1>S3>S2>S4>S5 순으로 낮게 나타났다. 제품의 저장 중 미생물학적 품질 평가에서 생균수는 SC에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 SC는 저장 7일째에 $9{\times}10^7CFU/g$로 가장 높다가 저장 10일째에는 $2.5{\times}10^6CFU/g$으로 감소하였다. 한약재가 들어간 다른 시료에서는 낮게 나타나 특히 S5의 경우 같은 7일째에 $1.2{\times}10^2CFU/g$으로 적게 나타났다. 제품의 조직특성은 견고성, 점착성, 씹힘성이 SC에 비해 다 높은 값을 가졌다. 항산화성을 측정한 결과 과산화기질 생성억제효과의 크기는 스폰지 케이크에서 S5>S4>S3>S2>S1>SC의 순으로 나타나 한약 재료의 첨가군의 항산화효과가 나타났다. 관능검사에서는 전체적인 기호도는 SC에 비해 S3가 가장 유의적으로 높은 점수를 나타냈고, S3>SC,S2>S1>S5>S4순으로 전체적인 기호도를 나타내었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2009

Predictive modeling was applied to study the growth of microorganisms related to spoilage in frankfurter sausage containing various levels of dietary fiber (0, 1, 2, and 3%) from rice bran and to estimate its shelf-life. Using the Baranyi model, total viable cells, anaerobic and psychrotrophic bacteria were measured during 35 days of cold storage ($<4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$). The lag times (LT) demonstrated by control and treatment groups were 6.28, 623, 6.24, and 6.25 days, respectively. The growth rate of total viable cells in each group were 0.95, 0.91, 0.92, and 0.91 (Log CFU/g/day), respectively. The anaerobic and psychrotrophic bacteria had lower initial ($y_0$) and maximal bacterial counts ($y_{max}$) than total viable cells. Also, the anaerobic and psychrotrophic bacteria possessed lower growth rate and longer lag time than total viable cells. The estimated shelf-life of frankfurter containing rice bran fiber by the growth rate of total viable cells was 7.8, 7.9, 7.9, and 7.7 days, respectively. There were no significant differences in shelf-life as a function of fiber content. In other words, the addition of dietary fiber in sausage did not show the critically hazardous results in growth of microorganism. The 12 predictive models were then characterized by high $R^2$, and small RMSE. Furthermore, $B_f$ and $A_f$ values showed a very close relationship between the predictive and observed data.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.343-349
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• 2009

Inhibitory effect of Escherichia coli O157 adhered to Caco-2 cells by the cells of Lactobacillus plantarum K11 and the cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) and bacteriocin prepared from this strain was investigated. As the cell counts of viable L. plantarum K11 previously adhered to Caco-2 were increased, the rate of adhesion and adherent cell counts of E. coli O157 was lower. However, because the heated L. plantarum K11 rarely have the adhesion ability to Caco-2, the adhesion rate and adherent cell counts of E. coli O157 were high. In addition, the inhibitory effects of E. coli O157 adhesion by the CFCS and bacteriocin of L. plantarum K11 were dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the inhibition of adhesion of E. coli O157 to Caco-2 may result from the antimicrobial substances such as lactic acid and bacteriocin. Moreover the inhibitory activity of adhesion by the heated bacteriocin for 30 min at 100oC was similar to activity of non-treated bacteriocin, but the activity was disappeared by treatment with protease.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.265-276
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus acidophilus V-20onthe replication of periodontal pathogens, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. When A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were incubated alone and in the combination with L. acidophilus V-20, the viable cell numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were compared between those cultures. The effect of S. mutans, E. durans, and L. lactis on the replication of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was also evaluated. The change of periodontal indexes(probine depth, gingival index, GCF volume) and the viable cell numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans and black pigmented bacteroides in subgingival plaque sample were evaluated following gargling of fermented milk made from L. acidophilus V-20 for 1 month on patients with periodontal disease in maintenance phase. In the mixed culture of L. acidophilus V-20 and A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis, the replication of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis wascompletely inhibited. But in the mixed culture of P. gingivalis and hydrogen peroxide-nonproducing Lactobacillus casei, the viable ceil numbers of P. gingivaliswas not decreased when compared with the numbers in the mixed culture of P. gingivalis and L. acidophilus V-20. In the mixed culture of A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. mutans, E. durans, or L. lactis, the viable cell number of A. actinomycetemcomitans was not almost changed when compared with the numbers in the culture of A. actinomycetemcomitans alone. And in the mixed culture of P. gingivalis and E. durans or L. lactis, the viable cell numbers of P. gingivaliswas not almost changed compared with the counts in the culture of P. gingivalis alone. But the replication of P. gingivalis was completely inhibited in the mixed culture of P. gingivalis and S. mutans. When the change of periodontal indexes following gargling of fermented milk was compared with baseline, probing depth and gingival index were not changed, but GCF volume was significantly decreased(p<0.05). And when the viable ceil numbers of microorganisms in subgingival plaque sample were compared with baseline, total viable ceil number was almost unchanged and the viable cell numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans and black pigmented bacteroides were significantly decreased(p<0.05). These results suggest that L. acidophilus V-20 inhibit the replication of A. actinomycetemcomitans and black pigmented bacteroides by the formation of hydrogen peroxide.