• ALGAE
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.299-310
• /
• 2014

Dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium are known as zooxanthellae and exist as either symbiotic or free-living forms. Among this genus, two species, Symbiodinium minutum and Symbiodinium psygmophilum, were recently established based on genetic characters. However, some critical morphological characters of these species, such as plate formulae and related diagnoses have not been provided yet. In this study, we analyzed the morphology of S. minutum and S. psygmophilum by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The S. minutum had the Kofoidian plate formula consisting of a small plate (x), elongated amphiesmal vesicle (EAV), 4', 5a, 8", 7s, two cingulum rows, 18-20c, 6''', and 2'''', while S. psygmophilum had x, EAV, 4', 5a, 8", 7-10s, two cingulum rows, 20-22c, 5-6''', and 1''''. These plate formulae are different from any other reported Symbiodinium species. In addition, both species had a pentagonal 1a plate and a hexagonal 2a plate, while other known Symbiodinium species had a hexagonal 1a plate and a pentagonal 2a plate. Thus, we confirm the species status of S. minutum and S. psygmophilum based on morphological and genetic characters and report the detailed morphological characteristics of these two species.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.201-207
• /
• 2004

Objective: The Id family of helix-loop-helix proteins are thought to affect the balance between cell growth and differentiation by negatively regulating the function of basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of Ids (Id-1, -2, -3, and -4) in preimplantation mouse embryos at mRNA and protein levels. Methods: Oocytes and preimplantation embryos were collected from reproductive organs of female ICR mice following superovulation. RT-PCR was performed to investigate the mRNA expression patterns of Id genes and their protein were localized by immunofluorescence analysis. Results: Id-1 and Id-3 mRNAs were strongly expressed at the germinal vesicle (GV) oocyte and the blastocyst stages. Id-2 mRNA was expressed throughout preimplantation embryo development, but Id-4 was not expressed. Immunofluorescence showed that Id-1 and Id-2 were predominantly localized in cytoplasmic region, but the immunofluorescence signal of Id-3 was weak throughout preimplantation embryo development. Conclusion: These data show for the first time that Ids are expressed in preimplantation mouse embryos and suggest that Ids may play an important role in early preimplantation embryo development and uterine physiological changes.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
• /
• pp.67-67
• /
• 2003

Tributyltin chloride (TBTCI) is an organotin compounds that have been widely used as antifouling agents and bioaccumulated in the food chain. TBTCI has been known to induce imposex in female gastropods. There are several reports that TBTCI increased testosterone level and inhibited the conversion of testosterone to estradiol by the aromatase cytochrome P450 enzyme. In this studies, we investigated the effects of TBTCI on steroidogenesis in testes, We dosed to 4-week-old Spragus-Dawleys (SD) male rats with TSTCI (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20mg/kg/day) daily by gavage for 14 days. TBTCI significantly decreased the weights of seminal vesicle, prostate, cowper's gland and LABC at 10 and 20mg/kg/day but significantly Increased the weights of liver at 10 and 20mg/kg/day and adrenals at 20mg/kg/day. mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and P450 aromatase were decreased and mRNA levels of cytochrome P450 17$\alpha$-hydroxylase/$C_{17-20}$ lyase (P450c17) were increased by TBTCI. TBTCI significantly increased serum testosterone level in dose-dependent manner. From above results, we found that TBTCI altered mRNA levels of enzymes related steroidogenesis, weights of organs and serum testosterone levels. This suggests that change of hormone levels may be due to alteration of mRNA levels of steroidogenic enzyme in testes, but further studies are necessary to investigate hormone levels in testis organ in order to find a relation of enzyme related to steroidogenesis with hormone levels. This work was supported by the Korea FDA Grant KFDA-03131-EDS-010.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.361-374
• /
• 1999

F. nucleatum is a gram-negative obligate anaerobe which is the principal and most frequent cause of gingival inflammation and is the predominant pathogen isolated in subsequent periodontal breakdown. It is also one of the most numerous bacteria found in subgingival plaque samples from healthy sites; its numbers are about 10-fold greater in plaque from periodontally diseased sites. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of outer membrane(OM), outer membrane vesicle(OMV), and lipopolysaccharide(LPS) from F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 strain on the growth of human gingival fibroblasts and HOS 941 cells, and on the $TNF-{\alpha}$ production / $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA expression of mouse splenocytes. For the examination of cytotoxic effects, $TNF-{\alpha}$ production and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA expression, the MTT assay, the ELISA and the RT-PCR were performed, respectively. All extracts of F. nucleatum tested were cytotoxic to both of human gingival fibroblasts and HOS 941 cells, and the significant difference of cytotoxic activity among the extracts was not observed. In the effects of these extracts on the $TNF-{\alpha}$ production / $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA expression of mouse splenocytes, all extracts of F. nucleatum tested also stimulated the $TNF-{\alpha}$ production / $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA expression, but the effects of the OM extracts on the $TNF-{\alpha}$ production / $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA expression were higher than those of the OMV and the LPS extracts. The pattern of the $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA expression was similar to that of the $TNF-{\alpha}$ production. These results indicate that F. nucleatum seems to contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases at least by its cytotoxicity, directly and its $TNF-{\alpha}$ production, indirectly.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제42권7호
• /
• pp.462-466
• /
• 2009

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), found in the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria, only exerts its toxic effects when in free form. LPS has three major parts, lipid A, the toxic component, along with a core polysaccharide and O-specific polysaccharide. LPS monomers are known to have molecular masses between 10 to 30 kDa. Under physiological conditions, LPS exists in equilibrium between monomer and vesicle forms. LPS removal by 100 kDa ultrafiltration was more efficient (99.6% of LPS removed) with a low concentration of protein (2.0 mg/ml) compared to a high concentration (20.1 mg/ml). In the presence of different detergents (0.5% Tween 20, 1.0% taurodeoxycholate and 1.0% Triton X-100), LPS removal was more efficient at low protein concentrations (2.0 mg/ml) compared to high protein concentrations (20.1 mg/ml).

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 2007

본 연구진은 선행 연구에서 progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (pgrmc2) 유전자가 미성숙 난자에서 높게 발현하는 것을 발견하였다. 본 연구는 pgrmc2와 pgrmc1 유전자가 쥐의 생식소와 배아의 발달 단계에 따라 어떻게 발현하는지 알아 보기 위해 수행하였다. 이들 유전자는 난소, 정소, 배아, 그리고 난자의 다양한 발달 단계에서 발현하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 쥐 난자 세포막에 프로게스테론 수용체가 존재하는 것은 progesterone-3-O-carboxymethyl oxime-BSA-fluorescein isothiocyanate (P4-BSA-FITC)의 결합을 이용하여 확인하였다. 본 결과는 프로게스테론 수용체의 세포막 구성 요소들이 생쥐의 난자, 배아, 그리고 생식소에서 발현함을 최초로 확인한 연구 결과다. 스테로이드 수용체의 세포막 구성 요소들의 기능, 특히 프로게스테론 수용체의 세포막 구성 요소들의 기능을 알아 보기 위해 추후 연구가 계속되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 2012

Botulinum toxins are the most potent toxins known to mankind. Botulinum toxin acts by blocking the cholinergic neuromuscular or the cholinergic autonomic innervation of exocrine glands and smooth muscles. Seven distinct antigenic botulinum toxins (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) produced by different strains of Clostridium botulinum have been described and only A and B type of botulinum toxins were clinically used. Toxins were consisted of a heavy chain with a molecular weight of 100 kD and a light chain with a molecular weight of 50 kD. Toxins are bound with an astounding selectivity to glycoprotein structures located on the cholinergic nerve terminal. Subsequently light chain of toxin is internalized and cleaves different proteins of the acetylcholine transport protein cascade transporting the acetylcholine vesicle from the intracellular space into the synaptic cleft. After a decade of therapeutic application of the toxin, no anaphylaxis or deaths have been reported and systemic adverse effects have not been reported so far. However the toxin's immunologic properties can lead to the stimulation of antibody production, potentially rendering further treatments ineffective. Botulinum toxin is a safe and effective treatment. Use of botulinum toxin in clinical medicine has grown exponentially in recent years, and many parts of the human body are now being targeted for therapeutic purposes.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.150-156
• /
• 1983

1975년부터 1983년까지 치료를 위해 서울의대 기생충학교실로 의뢰된 광절열두조충 충란양성자 5명에 대하여 bithionol, niclosamide 또는 praziquantel을 투여 하고 하제를 사용하여 충체를 얻은바 Diphyllobothrium latum으로 동정되었다. 충자는 서울 및 전남 완도군에 거주하고 있는 10~64세 남(4명) 여(1명)로 그중 2례는 농어를 생식한 경험이 있으며 나머지 3례는 바다생선회를 생식하였으나 그 종류를 기억할 수 없다고 한다. 또 그중 3례는 심한 복통과 소화기증상을 경험하였고, 2례는 편절이 자연배출된 일이 있다고 하나 빈혈소견은 전례에서 관찰되지 않았다. 대편검사에서 발견된 충란은 명 열별로 크기 평균 $59~67{\times} 41~48{\mu}m$이고 황갈색 유란원형 또는 타원형이 있으며 operculum과 abopercular protuberance가 뚜렷하였다. 충체는 4례에서 두절을 포함한 걸이 320~680cm의 완전한 것이 배출되었고 l례에서는 투약후 충체 배출여부를 확인하지 못하고 자연배출된 길이 30cm정도의 체절을 동정에 이용하였다. 특징적인 편절의 형태인 rosette형 자궁, vaginal pore가 cirrus sac에 포함되어 개구된 점, 재정과 cirrus sac의 분리 등으로 보아 Diphyllobothrium latum으로 동정되었다. 본 5례는 우리나라에서 1971년 이후 충체가 확인된 6례에 이어 제 7례-제11례의 인체기생례가 된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 1993

Fibricola seoulensis의 고환내 생식세포 및 정자의 미세구조를 관찰하고자 하였다. 실험감염 흰쥐로 부터 회수한 충체를 고정, 탈수 침투 포매, 중합 등의 통상적인 시료제작 과정을 거친 후 JEM 1200EX-ll(JEOL, Japan) 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 정원세포는 주로 고환의 내벽에서 관찰되었으며 비교적 큰 핵과 상대적으로 적은 세포질을 가지고 있었다. 정모세포는 핵의 량이 세포질 보다 조금 많았고 난형 또는 타원형의 핵을 가지고 있었으며 비교적 염색질의 량이 적었다. 초기의 정자세포는 핵에 비하여 세포질의 량이 훨씬 많았고 핵주위를 사립체들이 둘러싸고 있었다. 발육이 진전된 정자세포에는 끈 모양의 염색질이 나타났고. 세포질에서는 결정체구조가 나타났으며 핵 근처에서는 2개의 축사 뿌리와 중심체가 관찰되었다. 고환과 저정낭에서 무수히 많은 정자의 단면이 관찰되었다 횡단면을 형태학적 특징과 구성요소를 토대로 분류·조합해 본 바 6가지 형으로 대별되었고 정자 부위별 횡단면의 특징적인 형태를 관찰할 수 있었다. F. seoulensis의 정자는 2편모성이었으며 축사는 9쌍의 미세소관과 1개의 core complex로 이루어져서 전형적인 9 + 1형 구조이었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.163-169
• /
• 2010

음양곽 물추출물의 랫에서의 안전성을 검증하기 위하여 그룹당 5마리씩 총 20마리의 수컷 SD 랫에 각각 음양곽 물추출물을 체중당 10, 100, 1000 mg/kg을 1일 1회 4주간 경구투여 하였다. 대조군으로는 생리식염수를 동량 투여하였다. 임상증상, 체중 및 사료섭취량, 혈액, 혈액생화학 및 조직학적 검사를 실시하였다. 시험기간 중 임상증상, 체중, 사료섭취량의 이상변화를 관찰할 수 없었으며, 투약종료 다음날 부검결과 고환, 부고환의 무게가 용량의존적으로 증가하였으나, 정낭선은 감소경향을 나타내었다. 조직학적 검사결과 일부 변화가 관찰되었으나 건강한 쥐에서도 발견 되는 변화였다. 따라서 체중당 1000 mg까지의 투여는 임상적으로 안전한 것으로 사료된다.