• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.58-69
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• 2004

In order to investigate the characteristics of the lateral earth pressure at rest, under hysteretic $K_o-loading/unloading$ conditions, seven types of multi-cyclic models have been studied, using dry sand. For this study, the new type of $K_o-oedometer$ apparatus was developed, and the horizontal pressure was accurately measured. The multi-cyclic models consist of primarily 3 cases: (i) $K_o-test$ under the same loading / unloading condition, (ii) multi-cyclic loading / unloading $K_o-test$ exceeding the maximum pre-vertical stress, and (iii) multi-cyclic loading / unloading $K_o-test$ within the maximum pre-vertical stress. Results fromthe multi-cyclic model indicated that a single-cyclic model could be extended if the exponents for the unloading condition $(\alpha\;and\;\alpha^*)$ and the reloading coefficients $(m_r,\;and\;m_r^{\ast})$ were primarily dependent upon the type of model, number of cycles, and the relative density.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate the vertical stress properties in sandy soil according to changes of foundation condition in soil bin compacted three layers. The following conclusions and comparisons have been made based on careful analysis from theoretical and experimental methods. : When sandy soil subjected to circular uniform load, the vertical stress increments ($\Delta\sigma_z$) was increased as load increasing, the maximum values of $\Delta\sigma_z$ was achieved at the point loading axis, and $\Delta\sigma_z$ was not shown over at a distance of three times of loading plate width (B). The vertical stress increments were achieved largely at 80 % relative compaction (Rc) compared to 95 % relative compaction due to stress concentration in sandy soil. When sandy soil subjected to circular uniform load, the $\Delta\sigma_z$ differences between theoretical and experimental values as load increased were more increased and its maximum differences were achieved at stress axis. When gravel surface macadamized over sandy soil subjected to load, the $\Delta\sigma_z$ was concentrated to load axis as load increasing, so that macadamization will be decreased load transmission.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.118-119
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• 2009

This paper presents the feature profile evolution silicon deep trench etching, which is very crucial for the commercial wafer process application. The silicon deep trenches were etched with the SF6 gas & Hbr gas based process recipe. The optimized silicon deep trench process resulted in vertical profiles (87o~90o) with loading effect of < 1%. The process recipes were developed for the silicon deep trench etching applications. This scheme provides vertically profiles without notching of top corner was observed. In this study, the production of SF6 gas based silicon deep trench etch process much more strongly than expected on the basis of Hbr gas trench process that have been investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the test results, it is concluded that the silicon deep trench etching shows the sufficient profile for practical MOS FET silicon deep trench technology process.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2007

수직으로 12m 천공된 노천발파 현장에서 본당 1kg의 에멀젼 폭약을 자유낙하 하여 장약하면 117.6J의 낙하충격 에너지가 발생한다. 에멀젼이 강한 외부의 충격을 받으면 과포화 상태로 불연속상을 형성하고 있는 산화제 수용액 입자가 서로 뭉쳐서 결정으로 석출되고, 예감제의 일부가 파괴되어 비중이 상승된다. 산화제 수용액이 석출되어 에멀젼이 파괴되거나, 에멀젼 폭약의 비중이 높아지면 폭속 및 기폭감도가 저하된다. 본 연구에서는 직경 75mm, 길이 12m의 PVC 파이프를 수직과 $70^{\circ}$ 각도로 세우고, 약경 50mm 에멀젼 폭약을 낙하하여 충격에 의한 성능 변화를 평가하였는데 폭굉 에너지는 최대 26%까지 감소하나 전체 발파공에서 발파효율에 미치는 영향은 3% 이내인 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제17권4호통권77호
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• pp.439-447
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• 2005

아치 리브가 수직 하중을 받는 경우, 예기치 않게 면내 방향으로 좌굴이 발생될 수 있다. 따라서 설계자는 아치 리브의 면내 안정성을 설계 시 반드시 고려해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 유한 요소 해석을 통하여 수직 등분포 하중을 받는 고정지점 포물선 아치 리브의 탄성, 비탄성 면내 좌굴 강도를 연구하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 아치 리브의 스냅-스루 현상과 비탄성 거동을 모사하기 위한 유한 요소 해석 모델은 기존 연구자들의 실험 결과를 이용하여 검증되었다. 또한 아치 리브의 면내 극한 강도를 결정하기 위하여 대변형과 재료의 비탄성, 잔류응력을 고려하였으며, 마지막으로 유한 요소 해석의 결과를 EC3 설계기준과 비교, 분석 하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.379-390
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• 2020

The behavior of a piled raft system in multi-layered soil subjected to vertical loading has been studied numerically using 3D finite element analysis. Initially, the 3D finite element model has been validated by analytically simulating the field experiments conducted on vertically loaded instrumented piled raft. Subsequently, a comprehensive parametric study has been conducted to assess the performance of a combined piled raft system in terms of optimum pile spacing and settlement of raft and piles, in multi-layered soil stratum subjected to vertical loading. It has been found that a combined pile raft system can significantly reduce the total settlement as well as the differential settlement of the raft in comparison to the raft alone. Two different arrangements below the piled raft with the same pile numbers show a significant amount of increase of load transfer of piled raft system, which is in line with the load transfer mechanism of a piled raft. A methodology for the factor of safety assessment of a combined pile raft foundation has been presented to improve the performance of piled raft based on its serviceability requirements. The findings of this study could be used as guidelines for achieving economical design for combined piled raft systems.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.3426-3433
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• 2015

본 논문은 제한된 철도 수송능력 환경에서 여객과 화물을 동시에 수송하기 위한 복합화물열차의 화물 배치를 위한 방법 중, 라운드 컨베이어 시스템과 세로형 순환식 시스템. 가로형 순환식 시스템을 각각 P 택배사의 지역간 운송 화물량을 기준으로 부산에서 대구, 대전, 오송을 거쳐 서울에 도착함을 가정하여 각각 도착역별로 상하차 시간을 계산하였다. 그 결과 가로형 순환식 시스템은 화물 적재 가능량도 적었으며 상하차 시간도 434초로 가장 많이 소요되었고 세로형 순환식 시스템이 상차 시간이 다소 많이 소요되었지만, 총 소요시간에서는 408초로 가장 우수한 특성을 보였다. 각각 시스템별로 상하차 시간을 비교함으로 향후 복합화물열차 제작시에 유용한 방법을 제시하고 복합화물열차의 화물 운송 효율을 증진하고자 한다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2004

정밀한 기초설계를 위하여 지중연직응력분포를 파악하는 것은 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 지표면 재하에 의한 사질토지반의 지중연직응력 증가량에 대한 Boussinesq의 이론을 고찰하기 위하여 일련의 실내모형시험을 수행하였으며 Boussinesq의 이론값을 실측값과 비교하였다. Boussinesq의 이론값은 깊이에 관계없이 기초판 하부에서는 실측값보다 작았다 기초판의 바깥부분에서는 기초폭의 1.0배의 깊이에서는 이론값은 실측값보다 컸으나 기초폭의 2.0배 및 3.0배의 깊이에서는 이론값과 실측값이 거의 비슷해지는 경향이었다. 가해진 단위면적당 하중에 대한 지중연직응력은 하중이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 이러한 경향들은 상대밀도나 기초폭에 관계없이 나타났다. Boussinesq의 이론을 이용할 때 이와 같은 결과를 감안하여 이론값을 보정하면 보다 정확한 값을 얻을 수 있을 것이다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.477-488
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• 2022

Pile composite foundation (PCF) has been commonly applied in practice. Existing research has focused primarily on semi-infinite media having equal pile lengths with little attention given to the effects of inclined bedrock and dissimilar pile lengths. This investigation considers the effects of inclined bedrock on vertical loaded PCF with dissimilar pile lengths. The pile-soil system is decomposed into fictitious piles and extended soil. The Fredholm integral equation about the axial force along fictitious piles is then established based on the compatibility of axial strain between fictitious piles and extended soil. Then, an iterative procedure is induced to calculate the PCF characteristics with a rigid cap. The results agree well with two field load tests of a single pile and numerical simulation case. The settlement and load transfer behaviors of dissimilar 3-pile PCFs and the effects of inclined bedrock are analyzed, which shows that the embedded depth of the inclined bedrock significantly affects the pile-soil load sharing ratios, non-dimensional vertical stiffness N₀/wdE_s, and differential settlement for different length-diameter ratios of the pile l/d and pile-soil stiffness ratio k conditions. The differential settlement and pile-soil load sharing ratios are also influenced by the inclined angle of the bedrock for different k and l/d. The developed model helps better understand the PCF characteristics over inclined bedrock under vertical loading.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.2057-2063
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• 2011

Recently, concrete slab track is mostly used to satisfy requirements for safety of high-speed train operation and economical efficiency of maintenance. Due to structural characteristics of ballast track structures, roadbeds under the ballast experience a state of high stress. In case of slab track structures, however, its roadbeds place on a condition of low stress less than roadbeds of ballast track structures as increasing of the loading area. In this study, vertical earth pressure under slab track structures was investigated through real-scale loading tests and theoretical analysis to compare with each other.