• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the father's emotional expressiveness and verbal controls, and his children's social competency depending on gender. Subjects were 156 five-year-old children and their fathers in 4 private kindergarten in Gyeongi province. The data obtained were analyzed by frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, Cronbach's alpha, t-test, and Pearson's correlations. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) A significant difference was found between the children's gender in terms of children's external behavioral problems in social competency. 2) There was a negative correlation between the fathers' negative emotional expressiveness and their male children's social competency. 3) There was a negative correlation between the fathers' imperative control under verbal controls and their male children's social competency.

• 아동학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.143-161
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• 2015

This study aims to examine the relationship between mothers' attachment levels, types of verbal control, and infants' language development. The selected participants comprised 224 infants, aged 24-35 months and their mothers (224) at 25 long day care centers located Goyang-si, Gimpo-si in Gyeonggi-do, Incheon and Seoul. The major findings of this study were as follows. First, there were significant differences in mothers' attachment levels, types of verbal control, and infants' language development depending on the mothers' employment status. Secondly, to assess the relative influences of two variables which were significantly associated with infants' language development, the sociodemographic variables of mothers and infants, including infants' age and mothers' employment status, were controlled in order to conduct hierarchical regression analysis. The results revealed that imperative-oriented verbal controls, person-oriented verbal controls, and contact seeking all influenced infants' overall language development.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2008

We identified the characteristic impairmants of linguistic semantic memory in patients with prodromal Alzheimer's disease(AD) and mild AD. To elucidate the earliest changes of semantic language function in subjects with AD, performances on confrontation naming test and verbal fluency task were compared among patients with AD patients (n=20), mild AD patients (n=27) and healthy elderly controls (n=20). Tasks in this study included the confrontation naming test of Test of Lexical Processing in Aphasia(TLPA/Japanese) and one-minute verbal fluency task (semantic/ phonetic categories). The results were as follows: 1) Performances of the prodromal AD group showed the comparable to those of the control group on the confrontation naming test, 2) In the semantic/phonetic verbal fluency tasks, the performances of the control group were better than those of the prodromal AD and mild AD groups, but no significant differences were shown between the prodromal AD and the mild AD group.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Objectives This study aimed to identify the differences and the profiles of cognitive deficits in remitted patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands. Methods A total of 26 remitted states of schizophrenia patients were included in the study and the same number of unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands and healthy controls were matched for age, sex, years of education. Cognitive function of all participants was measured by using the Digit span test, the Continuous performance test, the Rey auditory & visual learning test, the Complex figure test, the Verbal fluency test, the Wisconsin card sorting test and the Finger tapping test. The effects of subsyndromal symptomatology and general intelligence score were controlled. Results Schizophrenia patients' group showed more significant impairment than other groups in verbal memory (learning, immediate recall, delayed recall), visual memory (copy, immediate recall, delayed recall) and cognitive flexibility domains. The family group and the patient group commonly performed significantly worse than healthy controls in working memory and verbal fluency (category) tests. There were no differences in sustained attention, psychomotor performance. Conclusions Our research shows that the deficit in working memory and verbal fluency could be strong candidates of endophenotypic marker in schizophrenia.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2010

Objectives : This study investigated the differences of working memory among the subtypes of ADHD. Methods : Eighty-one children and adolescents with ADHD and thirty normal controls were recruited. Children with any cognitive disorders and low intelligence were excluded. In order to evaluate the verbal and visuospatial working memory, Digit span and Finger windows tasks were measured, respectively. Performances on these measures between children with ADHD and controls were compared. Further, performances among the groups of ADHD predominantly inattentive(ADHD-IA)(n=40), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive(ADHD-HI)(n= 10), and combined type(ADHD-C)(n=31), were compared. Results : Scores of Finger windows forward task were lower in the ADHD group as compared to the control group, whereas, the Digit span forward showed no difference. Both scores of Digit span backward and Finger windows backward task were lower in the ADHD group than the controls. Children with ADHD-IA performed poorer than children with ADHD-C on the Finger windows backward task. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that children with ADHD have deficits in spatial short-term memory and verbal and visuospatial working memory when compared to normal children. The deficits were evident in children with ADHD-IA subtype and in particular, performance on the visuospatial working memory task in this group was poorer than the ADHD-C group.

• 대한조현병학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.66-72
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate whether verbal and spatial working memory functions were impaired not only in patients with schizophrenia but also in people at ultra-high risk for first-episode psychosis. Methods : Twenty-five patients (M 13, F 12) with schizophrenia (SPR), 21 people at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR)(M 10, F 11) and 19 normal controls (NC)(M 10, F 9) were recruited. The working memory was assessed by using the verbal and spatial n-back test. The working memory load increased incrementally from the 0-back to the 3-back condition. Results : SPR performed significantly lower than NC and UHR in terms of hit rates of verbal and spatial n-back test. UHR subjects conducted significantly lower than NC and higher in trend-level than SPR in terms of hit rates of verbal and spatial n-back test. These differences were derived from the high working memory load (2-back and 3-back), not from the low working memory load (0-back and 1-back). There was no significant difference between the verbal and spatial n-back test across the three groups. Conclusion : These findings suggest that verbal and spatial working memory dysfunction may be general rather than differential in terms of stimuli modality, and this working memory deficit may be an important trait factor in schizophrenia.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.101-104
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• 2009

This study investigated compensatory mechanisms in the brain during a verbal working memory task among people with Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). A total of 21 college male students participated in the study: eleven AUD participants and 10 normal controls. Study participants were asked to complete the Korean version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (K-WAIS-III) prior to the fMRI experiment. Verbal 0-back and 2-back tasks were used to assess brain activities of the participants' verbal working memory. Brain scanning was performed on Siemens SONATA 1.5T Scanner while participants were performing the 0-back and 2-back tasks. Within the AUD group, participants with greater dependency to alcohol (based on DSM-IV criteria) in the past 1 year showed lower mean score on the 'Similarities' of the K-WAIS-III (r=-0.63, p<0.05, N=11). The more participants experienced alcohol withdrawal symptoms in the past 1 year, the lower the score they received on the K-WAIS-III 'Picture Arrangement' (r=-0.69, p<0.05, n=11). The fMRI regression results showed that individuals who present greater degree of alcohol dependency symptoms are likely to show greater brain activation in the bilateral middle frontal gyri (BA 9) during the verbal working memory task. The degree of alcohol withdrawal symptoms were associated with increased brain activation in the left superior and middle frontal gyri (BA8), left precentral gyrus (BA 6), and left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40). The study findings showed that the degree of alcohol abuse/dependence and withdrawal symptoms were associated with decreased cognitive function and increased activations in brain regions particularly important for abstract reasoning (BA 9), central executive (BA 9), or spatial storage (BA 40) during a working memory task. Therefore, these results could support previous studies suggesting that the neural system of people with ADD may adopt a brain compensatory mechanism to maintain normal level of cognitive functions.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2013

기면병 환자들은 과도한 주간 졸음증, 탈력발작, 수면마비, 입면시 환각 외에도 야간 수면의 장애를 가지고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 주의, 기억 그리고 집행에 대한 인지기능을 평가한 결과 d2 의 경우 전체 수행을 한 총 넘버수, 지속적이 수행이 요구되는 과제인 정반응 수(TN-E), 집중력 지표(CP), 그리고 과제를 수행하는데 일관성과 안정성을 평가하는 변동률(FR)에서 기면병 환자군의 점수가 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다. 이는 기면병 환자의 주의력에 결함을 시사한다. 또한, K-CVLT 검사의 B 목록의 경우 기면병 환자군에서 대조군에 비하여 저조한 수행을 보여 언어성 주의력에 저하를 시사한다. 무엇인가를 기억하기 위해서는 한 가지에 주의를 기울여야 하기 때문에 주의와 기억은 밀접하게 관련되어 있으므로 주의력은 기억이나 집행기능 등의 상위인지기능의 수행에도 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 기면병 환자들에서 기존에 보고되었던 주의력 이외의 인지기능 저하는 실제로 주의력 저하에 의한 이차적인 현상으로도 생각해 볼 수 있다. 기면병은 개인의 삶의 질적인 측면뿐 아니라, 인지기능 저하로 인해 사고가 증가시킨다는 점은 공중보건학적으로도 중요한 문제임에도 불구하고[26], 기면병 환자의 주의, 기억, 그리고 집행에 대한 인지기능을 포괄적으로 평가하는 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 이 연구는 기면병 환자에서 주의, 기억 그리고 집행기능에 대한 포괄적인 신경심리검사를 통하여 인지기능을 평가하였고, 인지기능의 재활 및 개선을 위한 유용한 자료로서 의의가 있다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.194-201
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• 1998

목적 : 저자들은 강박장애 환자의 대뇌기능을 알아보기 위해 신경심리검사 바테리를 이용하여 정상대조군과 비교하였다. 방법 : 강박장애군(12명)과 연령 및 교육을 짝짓기한 정상대조군(17명)에게 신경심리검사 바테리를 시행하였다. 결과 : K-WAIS 검사상 전체지능은 강박장애군 115.2(${\pm}9.9$), 정상대조군 111.8(${\pm}8.4$)로 양군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 언어성 지능의 경우 강박장애 환자군($118.0{\pm}10.6$)이 정상대조군($110.3{\pm}9.4$)보다 유의하게 높았으나(P=0.049), 동작성 지능은 강박장애군($108.4{\pm}11.7$)이 정상대조군($114.4{\pm}11.2$)보다 낮은 경향을 보였다. 양군간의 소검사 항목점수를 비교하면 tactual performance test의 전체시간에서 강박장애군(15.26분)이 정상대조군(9.56분) 보다 유의하게 길었으며(P=0.028), 양손 수행에서도 강박장애군(0.16)의 수행이 정상대조군(0.38) 보다 유의하게 떨어졌다(P=0.047). 전체적인 Halsted Reitan 손상지수도 강박장애군($3.17{\pm}2.1$)이 정상대조군($1.31{\pm}1.8$) 보다 유의하게 높았다(P=0.019). 웨슬러 기억검사의 시각회상에서도 강박장애군($12.3{\pm}1.6$)이 정상대조군($13.4{\pm}0.9$)에 비해 기능이 유의하게 떨어졌다. 결론 : 강박장애 환자는 정상대조군에 비해 공간구조 인지기능의 장애, 과잉된 언어 및 집중력을 보이고 있고, 이는 강박장애 환자의 언어기능과 공간구조 인식기능의 불균형이 강박장애 환자의 정신병리와연관 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 향후 강박장애 환자에서 신경 심리 검사상 보이는 이상소견이 강박장애의 특정적인 소견인가, 치료경과에 따라 선경 심리검사상의 이상소견이 영향을 받는가에 대한 연구가 이어져야할 것으로 생각된다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.69-79
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• 1994

저자들은 동통을 가진 신체형장애 환자들에서 물리적인 외부자극에 대한 지각과 외부자극에 따른 언어행동의 관계성을 파악하기 위해서 본 연구를 시행하였다. 환자 34명 (남 10, 여 24)과 건강대조군 37명 (남 19, 여 18)을 대상으로, 물리 적 자극에 대한 지각도의 측정은 압통역치 측정기(algometer)를 이용하였으며, 감정표현능력의 측정은 Toronto Alexithymia Scale을 이용하였다. 한편 신체증상의 정도와 부모-자녀 결합형태검사를 시행하였다. 전체환자의 81.4%는 6개월이상 증상을 지속적으로 많이 호소하는 만성화 특성을 보였다. 그리고 alexithymia의 정도, 신체증상 호소정도, 압통역치가 모두 환자군에서 유의하게 높았다. 그리고 환자군의 44.1%는 alexithymia라고 할 수 있었다. 한편 압통역치와 alexithymia간에 유의한 상관성은 없었다. 결론적으로, 동통을 가진 신체형장애환자들이 정상인에 비해 외부 동통자극에 덜 민감하며, 이는 병의 만성화와 관련되는 것 같다. 이들은 또 외부자극에 따른 적절한 감정표현능력도 떨어져 있는 경우가 많은데, 이것은 신체화의 한 조건이 되며, 한편으로는 정신치료적 접근을 방해하는 한 요소가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.