• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.647-659
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• 2000

o assess the food intake and the sodium and potassium intakes and urinary excretion of preschool children in Pusan and to evaluate the relationship among variables dietary behaviors food and nutrient intake and 24hr urinary sodium and potassium excretion were measured with 97 subjects. The mean sodium and potassium intakes were 1890. 1mg(82,2meq) and 1479.7mg(37.8meq) respectively. The mean potassium intake(p<0.05) and density(p<0.01) were significantly low at the group who had food intake pattern absen of fruit and daily groups. The mean urinary sodium and potassium excretion were 735.3mg(32.0meq) and 418.7mg(10.7meq) respectively. The mean sodium intake(p<0.01) and urinary excretion were 735.3mg(32.0meq) and 418.7mg(10.7meq) respectively. The mean sodium intake(p<0.01) and urinary excretion (p<0.001, p<0.001) energy intake(p<0.01) sodium intake and density (p<0.001, p<0.05) the food number and intake frequency of vegetable group consumed (p<0.01, p<0.01) dietary frequency score(p<0.05) and negative correlations with the food number and frequency of dairy group consumed (p<0.05 p<0.05) The urinary potassium excretion showed positive correlations with height and weight(p<0.05, p<0.01) urine volume and urinary creatinie excretion(p<0.01 p<0.001) potassium intake(p<0.05) food number and intake frequency of dairy group consumed (p<0.05, p<0.001). Based on the results urinary sodium excretion was related to age sodium intake and food intake of vegetable and dairy group and urinary potassium excretion was related to potassium intake and food intake of dairy group. So nutritional education is needed in order to decrease sodium intake especially from food intake of vegetable group when preschool children have less food intake of diary group,.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.515-524
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• 2013

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is believed to be associated with the intake of antioxidant nutrients and fatty acids due to its immunological dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of nutrition education promoting vegetable, fruit, and fish intake on the severity of AD in children. Children with AD aged 6 months to 5 years were randomly assigned into education and control groups, and followed for 1 year. Seventy-six children completed the study (38 for control, 38 for education). The education group received education promoting the intakes of antioxidant-rich foods (vegetables, fruits) and n-3 fatty acid foods (fish). A 24-hour food recall was collected for the diet information. After education, all vegetables (p < 0.001), fruits (p < 0.01), and fish (p < 0.05) intakes per 1000 kcal increased significantly in the education group, whereas only vegetable intake increased in the control group (p < 0.001). The SCORAD index, the severity of atopic dermatitis, decreased significantly in the education group (p < 0.05). Increased consumption of dietary vitamin E was significantly associated with reduction in the SCORAD index, after adjusting for age and gender (p < 0.05). A nutritional education program to increase vegetable, fruit, and fish intake may be effective in reducing the severity of AD, and vitamin E intake may be associated with the decreased severity of AD. More controlled studies on the relationship between these intakes and severity of AD, with intensive diet and/or supplement intervention programs, are needed to obtain conclusive results.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.406-415
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with asthma in Korean adults. Methods: Data on 16,528 adults aged 19-64 were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The general characteristics of the subjects, daily food intake, and daily energy and nutrients intake were investigated according to fruit and vegetable consumption. All statistical analyses were conducted based on SAS software version 9.4. Results: The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma was 2.6%, and ranged between 1.8% and 3.1% depending on fruit and vegetable consumption. As fruit and vegetable consumption increased, the individuals showed a higher average age and household income, but a lower educational level, smoking rate, and frequency of alcohol consumption. The group with higher fruit and vegetable consumption had higher intakes of all food groups without milk and dairy products and energy and nutrients than the counterpart group. For the intake rate of energy, the group with higher consumption of fruit and vegetables had a higher intake rate of carbohydrate and protein and a lower intake rate of fat. The risk rate of asthma with the third quartile group regarding fruit and vegetable consumption was 35%-40% lower than that of the first quartile group. Conclusion: The results suggest that adequate consumption of fruit and vegetable will help to improve the risk of asthma. Moreover, prospective cohort studies and clinical test research are necessary to measure the effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on the occurrence of asthma.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine associations between marital status and vegetable intake. Methods: Data were from participants 30 years and over (n = 18,190) in the 2007~2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Marital status was divided into three groups: married, never married, and separated/divorced/widowed. Vegetable intake was estimated from the twenty-four hour dietary recall. Data were analyzed using a chi-square test, analysis of covariance, least squares means, and logistic regression. Results: Married respondents tend to consume more vegetables, including kimchi, than all other marital status groups. Vegetable intake, excluding kimchi, was lowest among 30~64 year-old respondents who had never married. Elderly men (65 years and older) who were never married/separated/divorced/ widowed had significantly lower vegetable intake than elderly men who were married (p = 0.0008). When considering the Korean dietary reference intake (KDRIs), elderly men who were never married/separated/divorced/widowed, compared with elderly men who were married, had a significantly higher odds ratio for consuming fewer vegetables than the KDRIs (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13~2.37). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that marital status might influence vegetable intake and the probability of consuming fewer vegetables than the KDRIs. In particular, being never married/separated/divorced/ widowed might adversely affect vegetable consumption among elderly men, although assessing the causal effect of marital status from this cross-sectional study is difficult.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.129-141
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• 2019

This study was conducted to determine parents' recognition of the Center for children's foodservice management (CCFSM) and to compare preschoolers' satisfaction for meals served by childcare centers and some aspects regarding the vegetable intake according to the parents' recognition of CCFSM. The subjects were 255 parents, whose children were 2~5 year old and attended a childcare center, were grouped according to the recognition of CCFSM (high recognition, HR, 27.5%; medium recognition, MR, 47.4%; low recognition, LR, 25.1%). Information was obtained by a self-administered questionnaire and data were analyzed by SPSS 25.0. Only 58.6% of HR and 10.7% of MR answered the they had participated education/event held by the CCFSM. More parents in the HR group (88.6%) acknowledged the helpfulness of CCFSM on the children's food habits compared to those in the MR group (63.6%) (P<0.001). Compared to the MR and LR groups, more parents in the HR group answered not only that they were 'satisfied'/'very satisfied' with the meals served by childcare centers (P<0.05), but also they tended to think that their children were also satisfied (P=0.061). Up to 31.2% of parents in the LR group answered that there was no need for education to increase the vegetable intake of their child compared to 14.3% and 17.4% in the HR and MR groups, respectively (P<0.05). Moreover, up to 26.6% of parents answered that school cook planned menus compared to 5.7% and 13.2% in the HR and MR group, respectively (P<0.001). In conclusion, the results provided the association between parents' high recognition of CCFSM and preschoolers' satisfaction for meals from childcare centers as well as a better chance for a desirable food life regarding vegetable intake.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.321-327
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fruit and vegetable consumption of children in the United States falls below recommendations. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP) is a national free-fruit and vegetable school distribution program designed to address this problem. This permanent, legislated program provides funding to qualified elementary schools for provision of additional fruit and vegetables outside of school meals. The objective of this study was to understand children's perceptions of FFVP after the intervention and formulate recommendations that may improve success of the intervention. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Secondary data were obtained from 5,265 $4^{th}-6^{th}$ graders at 51 randomly-selected FFVP intervention schools in Indiana. Anonymous questionnaires were completed late in the 2011-2012 academic year. Multilevel logistic regressions were used to determine associations between students' perceptions of program effects (4 close-ended items) and their preference toward the program. Content analysis was applied to a single open-ended item for program comments. RESULTS: Over 47% of students reported greater intake of fruit and vegetables due to FFVP, and over 66% reported liking the program. Student-reported program effects were positively associated with preference for the program (P < 0.01). Themes that emerged during analysis of 3,811 comments, included, students liked: the opportunity to try different kinds of fruit and vegetables, types and flavors of fruits served, and benefits of eating fruit. Fewer students liked the types of vegetables and their benefits. A small group disliked the program citing poor flavor of vegetables and quality of fruits. Important suggestions for the program include serving more dipping sauces for vegetables, cooking vegetables, and providing a greater variety of produce. CONCLUSIONS: The degree that students liked FFVP may predict the program's effects on fruit and vegetable intake. FFVP may become more acceptable to students by incorporating their suggestions. Program planners should consider these options for achieving program goals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.394-405
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• 2011

Osteoporosis is a rising problem, as the older age population is increasing due to prolongation of life. Genetic and environmental factors play key roles in bone metabolism, and diet is also an important factor. We investigated the relationship among factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD), including daily food intake and nutrient intake in men aged >50 years. Seventy-eight men, who visited the health promotion center at one of the university medical centers, were divided into normal and osteopenia groups according to their BMD. The body weight of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the osteopenia group. The osteopenia group showed significantly higher carbohydrate intake and lower calcium and vegetable calcium intake compared to those in the normal group. Lumbar spine BMD was negatively correlated with energy, fat, vitamin B1, and sodium intake in the normal group. Additionally, femoral neck BMD was negatively correlated with total animal protein, energy, protein, fat, phosphorous, iron, animal iron, potassium, vitamin B1, B2, B6, and niacin intake. Lumbar spine BMD was positively correlated with fruit, calcium, vegetable calcium, animal calcium, and vitamin C intake in the osteopenia group. Femoral neck BMD was negatively correlated with meat, dairy product, total animal protein, plant protein, animal protein, vitamin A, and cholesterol intake. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that several dietary factors affected BMD, including energy, fat, vitamin B1, B2, B6, niacin, sodium, protein, iron, animal iron, phosphorous, potassium, and animal protein in the normal group and zinc, calcium, vegetable calcium, animal calcium, vitamin C, fruit, protein, animal protein, meat, dairy product, carbohydrates, cholesterol, vegetables, mushrooms, and seasonings in the osteopenia group. These results indicate that adequate nutrient intake plays an important role maintaining optimum bone health in middle aged men.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.263-280
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• 2000

This survey was conducted to investigated the status of nutritional consumption and relationship of nutrition of patients in hospitals from 1998.9.1 to 1998.9.10. Calorie intake of male patients was lower than RDA but that of female patients were higher than RDA except female younger than 64 years old. Protein intake of male patients was 130% higher than RDA, and that of female patients was 150% more than RDA. Calcium intake was lower than RDA in male patients but higher than RDA in female patients except older than 75 years. Iron intake was higher than RDA in all patients except in male patients older than 75 years. while vitamin B$_1$and vitamin C intake was higher than RDA in all patients but vitamin A and niacin intake was lower than RDA. The rich patients intake enough iron through animal foods and stabilized patients intake vitamin B$_2$ more than RDA. All patients were recognized the importance of protein and vegetable for health and they were recognized also careful choosing of foods for health. Positive relationships were showed between intake of nutritional tablet and nutritional status, between less vegetable intake and less intake of calorie, fat, sugar and fiber and between appetite and vitamin B$_1$ and vitamin C. The result showed that the shorter period staying in hospital, the more intake of sugar, vitamin A and vitamin C.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 2012

We investigated whether socioeconomic differences affect fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption with respect to total intake and intake of various FV subgroups. Our study included 6667 adults aged 40-64 years who completed a dietary survey in the fourth Korean NHANES (2007-2009). FV intake was estimated from 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires. Differences in FV consumption related to educational attainment were analyzed according to different nutritional categories of FV. Both men and women in the low-education group had the lowest intake of total FV and total fruits, and women also had the lowest intake of total vegetables. Also lowest in this group was consumption of mushrooms and vegetables (excluding kimchi) among men, and cruciferous and allium vegetables (excluding Chinese cabbage and radish) among women, while kimchi consumption was the highest in this group. Additionally, an association between educational level and intake of citrus fruits was evident among men. Adults in the low-education group consumed less carotene-rich FV, red fruit and/or vegetables, and dark-green leafy vegetables, fewer total vegetable dishes, and fewer types of fruit than in other groups. Men in this group had the lowest intake of yellow/orange fruit and/or vegetables, and women consumed the least folate-rich FV. There is a clear association between educational attainment and FV intake with regard to total intake, and to specific nutrients, bioactive compounds, colors, and variety.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2001

We performed case-control study to evaluate relationship between food intake and risk of breast cancer. We interviewed breast cancer cases(n=108) who were newly histologically identified and selected from Hanyang and Soonchunhyang University Hospital in Seoul. We used hospital-based control subjects(n=121), who were selected from the patients in the department of plastic surgery, general surgery and opthalmology of the same hospital by frequency matching. Matching variables were age($\pm$4 age) and menopausal status. We collected information on general characteristics of subjects, history of disease, family history of breast cancer, vitamin supplementation, alcohol intake, and food intake through individual interview. Dietary information was ascertained via a food frequency questionnaire method(total item=98). All analyses was conducted according to menopausal status. Especially, pepper and grape intake in premenopausal women, showed protective effect in breast cancer. Otherwise consumption of meat, pork, and fish was not associated with breast cancer risk in this study. At milk and dairy products, milk intake was associated with lower risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and overall intake of soy products was associated with breast cancer risk, but not significant. These findings suggested that consumption of some fruit and vegetable intake was a protective factor on breast cancer and further study with more number of subjects should be need to evaluate the breast cancer risk. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2): 165~175, 2001)