• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.703-710
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• 2005

Data from Hanwoo steers and bull calves were analyzed to see the phenotypic and genetic relationships between carcass traits from four different covariance models. Four models fit test station and test period as fixed effect of contemporary group and sire as random effect assuming paternal half-sib relationships among animals. Each model fits one of linear covariate (s) of different slaughter end points-age at slaughter in the first order, age at slaughter in the first and second order, slaughter weight or back fat thickness at 12-13th rib of cold carcass. Age at slaughter in its second order was not significant. Age at slaughter accounted for signifi- cant amount of genetic variances and covariances of carcass traits. Heritability estimates of back fat thickness, rib eye area, carcass weight, marbling score and dressing percentage were 0.34, 0.22, 0.24, 0.42 and 0.18, respectively at constant age basis. The genetic correlation between carcass weight and the other variables were all positive and low to high in magnitude. Genetic correlations between back fat thickness and rib eye area and between marbling score and dressing percentage were low but negative. Variance and covariance structure between these traits were shifted to a great extent when these variables were regressed on slaughter weight or on back fat thickness. These two covariates counteracted to each other but they adjusted each carcass variable or their interrelationship according to differential growth of body components, bone, muscle and fat. Slaughter weight tended to decrease genetic variances and covariances of carcass weight and between component traits and back fat thickness tended to increase those of rib eye area and between rib eye area and carcass weight.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2013

Muscular dystrophy is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness of variable distribution and severity. Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is an unusual form of muscular dystrophy with autosomal recessive inheritance and is clinically characterized by an early age of onset, severe central nervous system involvement, facial muscle weakness, and multiple joint contractures. Muscular dystrophy is susceptible to perioperative respiratory, cardiac and other complications. Patients with FCMD have upper airway muscle weakness, therefore general anesthesia is preferred to sedation regarding maintaining the airway when treating these patients. The development of malignant hyperthermia in general anesthesia for patients with muscular dystrophy is a concern. Total intravenous anesthesia should be used instead of inhaled anesthetics because of the risk of malignant hyperthermia. A 3-year-9-month old, 13kg girl with Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy was scheduled for dental treatment under general anesthesia. She had multiple caries and 14 primary teeth needed caries treatment. Prior to general anesthesia, oral premedication with 9 mg midazolam was given. General anesthesia was induced and maintained with target controlled infusion of propofol $3{\sim}3.5{\mu}g/mL$. The patient with progressive muscular dystrophy was successfully treated under total intravenous anesthesia with a target controlled infusion of propofol. There were no complications related to anesthesia and dental treatment during or after the operation. This case suggests that target controlled infusion of propofol is a safe and appropriate anesthetic technique in FCMD patients for dental treatment.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.449-455
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• 1998

The small size food organism(under the size 150${\mu}m$) is needed as food for early stage of marine fish larvae of small mouse (e.g the group of grouper). This study was investigated to develop a method for copepod Apocyclops sp. culture in combination with the rotifer B. rachionus for stable culture of copepod species and harvest of various size food organisms. The culture conditions as temperature, salinity, culture volume, photo period, culture preiod and observation interval were 25${\circ}C$, 22ppt, 40ml, all dark except to observation time, 16 days and every two day during the experimental period, respectively. The Tetraselmis suecica was used as the food for the two testing orgtanisms. After every two day counting, theses two organisms were transferred to fresh culture tanks with Tetraselmis suecica of $7{\times}10^5$cells/ml. In the mixed culture of B. rotundiformis and A. sp., growth of rotifer was suppressed by mixed culture with A. sp. whereas the growth of copepod Apocyclops was promoted in the mixed culture with rotifer B. rotundiformis (the maximum density was 22 individuals/ml through the 16 culture days). Moreover, the number of copepod nauplius were promoted about 2 times in the mixed culture compared to the numbers in single species culture. With this combination culture, the havested two food organisms of variable sizes. This size variation of food organisms was useful tools for larval rearing of small mouse marine fish larvae and next step food organism size of post hatched larvae.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of obesity and stress on oral disease in Korean adults by using the data of the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects of this study are 4,627 adults at the age of 19 to 64, and the data were analyzed by using SPSS Windows ver.18.0. The results are as follows: Obesity was higher in men and the age of 40 to 64 than the other. And the group with lower education or lower income level tended to show significantly higher obesity (p<0.05). As for stress, women, the age of 19 to 39 and the subjects with higher academic career tended to indicate significantly higher stress (p<0.05). As for the effects of obesity on oral disease, there were no significant difference between body mass index (BMI) or waist-hip ratio (WHR) and oral disease but there was statistically significant difference between stress and temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) (p<0.05). Even when the subjects with stress were obese or abdominally obese, there was no significant difference in oral disease (p>0.05). As to correlation among variables, there were correlations between BMI and WHR, stress and TMD, masticatory problems and periodontal disease or TMD (p<0.05). About the effects of general characteristics, obesity, and stress on oral disease, age was the variable influencing TMD, and age and abdominal obesity were the variables influencing masticatory problems (p<0.05). In this society, the environment surrounding individuals is fairly complex, and the concept of health including quality of life has more complex meaning than in the past. Various factors are influencing obesity and stress, and they are also influencing oral health and behaviors. Accordingly, it will be needed not only to make efforts to reduce obesity and stress but also to employ approaches from different perspectives to improve oral health.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2006

Purpose : The hematologic change during the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL) is critical as a prognostic determinant and a variable to determine the dose of chemotherapeutic agents. It is known that the dose of vincristine used in the maintenance phase of ALL is small enough to increase the count of platelet. To investigate the change of platelet count according to the vincristine administration in maintenance phase of ALL chemotherapy, we performed this study. Methods : Eleven patients eligible under the criteria of Children's Cancer Study Group(CCG)-1882 and who had completed chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. The count of platelets before vincristine administration was compared with those of vincristine administration 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the early and last periods of maintenance phases. The platelet count before vincristine administration was defined as 100 percent and that after vincristine were compared. In addition, we tentatively defined an enhancing effect of vincristine as positive when the relative count was more than 120 percent. Results : Platelet count did not differ according to the early and last periods of maintenance phase. Platelet count at first week after vincristine administration increased more significantly than that before vincristine in early and last periods. There was an enhancing effect in 10(90.9 percent) of 11 patients after 1 week vincristine administration both in the early and last periods of the maintenance phase. Conclusion : Vincristine, used in ALL maintenance phases as a low dose, increased platelet count 1 week after administration. The increased platelet count resumed to the previous level 2-3 weeks later. However, the thrombocytosis observed in the maintenance phase by vincristine was not high enough to induce thrombosis. In addition, vincristine is known to reduce the activity of platelets. Therefore, the risk of thrombosis in the maintenance phase of ALL chemotherapy would be low.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.247-272
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• 2005

The Philadelphus schrenkii complex including P. schrenkii var. schrenkii, P. schrenkii var. jackii, P. schrenkii var. mandshuricus, P. tenuifolius, P. pekinensis, P. seoulensis, P. lasiogynus, and P. scaber, is distributed in China, Korea, japan, and far eastern Russia. Their taxonomic delimitations are obscure because quantitative characters, such as presence/absence and density of hair on leaf, petiole, style, disc, calyx-tube, and pedicel, are highly variable with no apparent characteristics that consistently distinguish from each other within the group. Thus, these morphological characters are reexamined using univariate analyses. P. pekinenesis is distinct from other taxa in having glabrous disk, calyx, pedicel, and leaf blade. In addition, the number of flowers in an inflorescence [(5)7-9(11) vs 5-7 in other taxa], smaller calyx tube [2.5-3 mm vs. (2.5)3-4(5.9) in other taxa], and slightly divided styles help distinguish P. pekinenesis from other related taxa in Korea. However, P. schrenkii var. schrenkii, P. schrenkii var. jackii, P. schrenkii var. mandshuricus, and P. lasiogynus show continuous variation in the pubescence of disk, calyx, pedicel, and leaf blade, and this may reflect a lack of divergence among them. Particular emphases are placed on P. tenuifolius and P. seoulensis, because of the high degree of morphological intergradation with respect to the degree of pubescence in disk, calyx, pedicel, and leaf blade and their inconsistent circumscription across various systematic treatments. P. scaber, distributed in the southern Korea, has often been treated as an independent species having exfoliated branchlets, distinct serrated leaf margin, and recurved styles. However, this current study suggests that P. scaber should be recognized as a form of P. tenuifolius because these distinguishing characters are continuous between P. tenuifolius and P. scaber. In geographical distribution, P. pekinensis is mainly distributed in the southern part of Korea, while P. tenuifoilus and P. schrenkii are commonly found all over the country.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.467-486
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• 1993

Today, more chronically ill and handicapped people are being cared for at home by a family member caregiver. The task of caring for a family momber may mean that the caregiver has less time and money and more work which may result in increased fatigue and symptoms of illness. This study was done to examine the well-being of family caregivers. Fifty three family caregivers were interviewed. Concepts were measured using existing tools and included : Burden(25 item 5 point scale), Social sup-port (21 item 7 point scale), Health status defined by a symptom checklist(48 item S point scale), and Well -being defined by a quality of life scale (14 item 7 point scale) and caregiving activities. Data collection was done by interview and Q-sort. Social support and well - being were positively correlated as were symptoms and burden. Symptoms and burden were negatively correlated with social support and well-being. Items on the quality of life scale had a mean score range from 3.09 to 4.96. Quality of life related to income was lowest (3.09) but the desire to use more money for the patient was rated 2.90 on the burden scale where the item means ranged from 0.73 to 3.55. The high mean of 3.55 was for obligation to give care and the low 0.73 was (or not feeling that this was helping the patient. Mean scores for symptoms ranged from 0.26 to 2.15 with the 2.15 being for “worry about all the things that have to be done.” Over half of the patients were dependent for help with some activities of daily living. The caregivers reported doing an average of 3.40 out of five patient care activities including bathing (77.4%), shampooing (67.9%), and washing face and hands (49.1％), and 3.74 out of seven home maintenance activities including laundry (98.1％), cooking (83.0%), and arranging bed-ding(75.5%). The caregivers reported their spouse as one of the main sources of social support, including in times of loneliness and anger The mean score for loneliness as burden was 2.15 and ranked fourth and 31 (58.5％) of the sample reported being lonely recently and not being satisfied with the support received. Similarly anger caused by the patient was given a mean score of 2.13, and anger was reported to have been present recently by 38 (71.7%) of the sample and satis-faction with the support given was low. Having someone to help deal with anger ranked twelfth out of 21 items on the social support scale and had a mean score of 3.98 (range 3.49 to 5.98). Spouses were reported as a major source of social support but the fact that 50% of the caregivers were caring for a spouse, may account for the quality of this source of social support having been affected. These caregivers faced the same problems as others at the same stage of life. but because of the situation, there was a strain on their resources, particularly financial and social. In conclusion it was found that burden is correlated negatively to quality of life and positively to symptoms, but in this sample, symptoms and bur-den were scored relatively low. Does this indicate that the caregivers accept caregiving as part of their destiny and accept the quality of their lives with burden and symptoms just being a part of caregiving\ulcorner Does the correlation between the bur-den and symptoms indicate they are a measure of the same phenomenon or that the sample was of a more mobile, less burdened group of caregivers\ulcorner Quality of life was the one variable that was significant in explaining the varience on burden. Further study is needed to validate the conclusions found in this study but they indicate a need for nurses to ap-proach these caregivers with a plan tailored to each individual situation and to give consideration to interventions directed at improving quality of life and expanding social support networks for those caring for spouses.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.88-117
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• 1990

The purposes of this study are to delineate a profile of the state of a stroke patient's adaptation at 3 months after hospitalization and to explore the relationship between the level of adaptation and the variables which influence the adaptation of hemiplegic patients. To these ends, theoretical framework was derived basically from the stress adaptation model. The basic assumption underlying the level of adaptation is influenced by the presenting focal, contextual and residual stimuli. This group of stimuli is further operationalized and represented by a perception of stress. which is the perceived effect of the disability and by the mediating variables such as sociodemographic factors as an external conditioning variables and perceived social support and hardiness personality characteristics as an internal intervening variables. The dependent varibales in this study is the level of physical, psychological and social adaptation and is hypothesized to be a function of the interaction between 3 sets of variables namely, the perceived disability effect, external conditioning variables and internal intevening varibles. A total of fourty three subjects from 3 general hospitals in Seoul were observed and interviewed with the aid of 7 structured instruments. The data were collected twice on each subject : first at the pre-discharge period arid at 3 months post-discharge from hospital for the second time. The study was carried out for the period from February to August, 1988. The instruments used for the study include 4 existing scales and 3 scales developed by the researcher for this study. They are : 1) The ADL dependency scale and the scale of the clinical physical functions for the assessment of physical adaptation. 2) the SDS(self report of depression) to measure the level of psychological adaptation. 3) The scale for the amount of social activities for the measurement of the level of social adaptation. 4) The scale for the perceived effect of disability for the measurement of the focal stimuli. 5) The health related hardiness scale and the perceived interpersonal support self evaluation list(ISEL) for the measurement of the hardiness personality character and the perceived social support. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage, oneway ANOVA, Pearson coefficients correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The findings provide valuable information about the present level of physical adaptation at 3 months after discharge. The patient revealed a decreased ADL dependency and lowered limitation of physical function as compared with pre - discharge state. Psycholcgically, the average degree of depression at follow up was within normal range of depression. Socially, the amount of social activities was very low. The one way ANOVA and the correlational analysis revealed the relationship between the 3 sets of variables and the adaptation level as follows : 1) The perceived disability effect was related to the degree of the depression and the amount of social activities but was not related to the physical adaptation. 2) Among the sociodemographic variables, sex and education were related to the difference of ADL dependency and the change of physical function. These factors indicate that women more than men and educated more than the less educated were found more independent. The education was also related to the degree of depression suggesting that the higher the educational level, the more well adapted the patients were both physically and psychologically. Age, marital status and job state were not found to be related to the patient's adaptation level. 3) Among the internal intervening variables, the health related hardiness characteristic was related to the differences of ADL dependency, physical functions and the social activities, indicating that the higher the hardiness character the higher the level of physical and social adaptation. 4) The perceived social support, another internal intervening variable, was related to the degree of depression and the social activities. This data suggest that the higher the perception of social support, the better adapted the patients were psychogically and socially. In summarizing the results of the correlational analysis, the level of physical adaptation was influenced by sex, the years of education and the hardiness character. The level of psychological adaptation was influenced by the years of education, the perceived disability effect and the perceived social support. And the level of social adaptation was influenced by the perceived disability effect, the hardiness character and the perceived social support. The stepwise multiple regression analysis shows findings as follows : 1) The most important factor to explain the difference of ADL dependency was sex, indicating females were more independent than males. 2) The most important factor to explain the difference of physical function and the degree of depression was the patient's education level. 3) The strongest explaining factor for the amount of social activities was perceived self esteem(one of the subconcepts of perceived social support). Thus the most important factors influencing the level of adaptation were found to be sex, education, the hardiness character and self esteem. From the above findings, the significance of this study can be delineated as follows : 1) Corroboration of the assumed relationship between the various variables and the adaptation level as suggested in the conceptual model. 2) Support for the feasibility of the cognitive approach for nursing intervention such as hardness character training, counselling and teaching for self-care in the chronic patients.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.83-93
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• 2005

This study was conducted to provide information about the behavioral intentions to diet in adolescent females. To explain the behavior intention to diet, a conceptual framework based on the ' Social Support, Control and the Stress Process Model ' and the ' Theory of Reasoned Actio ' was used. The survey was carried out by self-questionnaires with 463 female high school and college students in Daegu. Analysis of data was done by using mean, correlation and multiple regression analysis with the SAS computer program. Subjects were divided into 3 groups-underweight, normal weight, and overweight-according to their current body size. The most powerful influencing factor related to perceived stress -that is dissatisfaction with body image- was the current figure, regardless of current body size. The fatter the current body size, the higher the score for the behavioral intention to diet. In attitude toward the behavior of dieting, the fatter the current figure, the higher the attitude score, and the belief of behavioral outcome was the main decision variable. For the score of the subjective norm, the overweight group was significantly higher than other groups. The influencing factors for the behavioral intention to diet were perceived stress and attitude toward dieting behavior, especially beliefs of behavioral outcome.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.193-231
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• 2013

As developed IT, Word-of-Mouth(WOM) used varied terms as buzz marketing and viral marketing, and impressed that importance. Despite introduced new marketing tool on managers and professionals, online word-of-mouth including SNS lack of study on social network what based viral in marketing. In social network, patterns of relationship between individuals influence each other individual behaviors. Therefore this research grouped friendship-network and advice-network by characteristics, studied on trust of information source that antecedents of word-of-mouth in network. This study examined that affect- and cognition based trust affect WOM acceptance as WOM behaviors and examined effect of type of product as moderating variable. Additional this literature studied that WOM acceptance affect WOM recommend. To find the Influence of Trust on Word-of-Mouth Behaviors, a survey has done 206 samples(undergraduate students). The results of this study are as following : First, type of trust different friendship network and advice network. Affect-based trust is outstanding in friendship network than in advice network, while cognition-based trust stands out in advice network than another. Second, affect- and cognition based trust positive affect WOM acceptance. Contrary to expectations, what is preconceived trust in network have a similar effect for WOM acceptance regardless of type of trust. Third, WOM acceptance positive affect WOM recommend. Fourth, affect based trust affect WOM acceptance of hedonic product rather than utilitarian product. Upon especially in friendship network terms, affect-based trust has a more effect on WOM acceptance than cognition-based trust. This study has many implications. First, it is important that trust what have an influence WOM acceptance grouped affect- and cognition based trust. Second, it confirmed that trust is antecedents of positive WOM. Third, it is important that network grouped friendship network and advice-network by trust. Fourth, it gave managerial implications that they have to supply WOM through which network by type of product. We This study classified network and trust based on previous study. Then it examined relations between WOM behaviors. Further research could do enrich various things for example various age group, valence of message, quality of information.