• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 1997

The vaginal endoscopy was performed in two Labrador Retrievers from onset of vaginal bleeding until metestrus accompanying with vaginal smear and blood progesterone concentration to investigate estral changes, and the intrauterine infusion of radiopaque fluid using vaginal endoscope (rigid 25-degree endoscope, Karl Storz) was detected by radiogrphy to determine if theis technique is feasible for future artificial insemination in the dogs. During the proestrus vaginal mucous membrane folds were edematous and a large amount of clear red discharge was present. In the beginning of estrus, the mucous membrane folds was present and the amount of the red discharge was decreased. In the estrus there were obbvious shrinkage, angulation of the membrane folds and decreasing of the discharge. In metestrus the vaginal folds started to round out and the surface appeared moist and sticky. The endoscope used for endoscopic monitoring of the vaginal mucosa was advanced until the external os of the cervix could be visualized. A plastic catheter, 8Fr guage was manupulated into the cervical os and then advanced through into the uterus. The radiopaque fluid was injected into the uterus through the catheter and radiographs taken to detect the site of insemination using the endoscopic technique revealed the exact infusion of the fluid in the uterus, consequentlyto prove that this technique is usable for more successful artificial insemintion tn the bitch.

• CELLMED
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.4.1-4.10
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• 2023

Background and objective: Cervicitis are an inflammatory condition of the cervix. This may be acute, chronic, active & specific or non-specific, which may cause various sign & symptoms. Abnormal vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, lower backache, post coital bleeding. If not treated timely it causes various complications viz PID, infertility, endometritis, ectopic pregnancy etc. Hence it has been decided to conduct a clinical trial for its management. Method: This study was an open observational study. The entire patients were allocated by considering the criteria of inclusion & exclusion. Marhame dakhilyun with roghane sausan is given 10 mg as ḥamūl at bed time, after menses for 21 days. All the patients were assessed by primary outcome of abnormal vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, lower backache, post coital bleeding & secondary outcomes of vaginal symptoms scale score (VSS) which score the vaginal discharge with QOL in cervicitis patients and vaginal analogue scale (VAS) for pain. Result: In this present study, marked improvement is observed in cervicitis. The mean ± SD of vaginal discharge before & after treatment is 2.57±0.050, 0.33±0.48 respectively which is highly significant with p value of<0.0001^**. VSS score before & after treatment is 21.27±6.12, 7.47±2.48 respectively with p<0.0001^** which is highly significant. VAS score used for LAB & LPA before & after treatment is 6.63±1.09, 1.90±1.29 respectively with p<0.0001^** which is highly significant. Interpretation & Conclusion: The study revealed that the formulation has been found effective in healing congestion, hypertrophied of the cervix and discharge and relieving the others associated symptoms of cervicitis. It is useful and provided immediate and effective treatment for cervicitis. Hence, the trial drug can be recommended for its management.

• Journal of Menopausal Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.139-145
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• 2017

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and complicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) are frequently occurring vaginal infections in postmenopausal women, caused by an imbalance in vaginal microflora. Postmenopausal women suffer from decreased ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. A normal, healthy vaginal microflora mainly comprises Lactobacillus species (spp.), which act beneficially as a bacterial barrier in the vagina, interfering with uropathogens. During premenopausal period, estrogen promotes vaginal colonization by lactobacilli that metabolizing glycogen and producing lactic acid, and maintains intravaginal health by lowering the intravaginal pH level. A lower vaginal pH inhibits uropathogen growth, preventing vaginal infections. Decreased estrogen secretion in postmenopausal women depletes lactobacilli and increases intravaginal pH, resulting in increased vaginal colonization by harmful microorganisms (e.g., Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Candida, and Gardnerella). Probiotics positively effects on vaginal microflora composition by promoting the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms, alters the intravaginal microbiota composition, prevents vaginal infections in postmenopausal. Probiotics also reduce the symptoms of vaginal infections (e.g., vaginal discharge, odor, etc.), and are thus helpful for the treatment and prevention of BV and VVC. In this review article, we provide information on the intravaginal mechanism of postmenopausal vaginal infections, and describes the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of BV and VVC.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.38-41
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to estimate of prediction of whelping day and to confirm the accuracy of prediction of whelping day in small pet bitches. The gestation length from the each based on days was $66.64{\pm}2.32days$ ($Mean{\pm}S.D$) when the Cornification index (CI) was over 90% after the first vaginal discharge, $64.65{\pm}2.87days$ from the day of CI peak, $63.46{\pm}1.63days$ from the day of ovulation by progesterone concentrations, and $57.67{\pm}2.43days$ from the first day of cytologic diestrus, respectively. The whelping day was estimated 66 days when the CI was over 90% after the first vaginal discharge, 64 days from the day of CI peak, 63 days from the day of ovulation by progesterone concentrations, and 57 days from the first day of cytologic diestrus, respectively. The accuracy of the prediction of whelping day was 90.0% with a precision of ${\pm}2days$ when the CI was over 90% after the first vaginal discharge, 77.5% from the day of CI peak, 86.2% from the day of ovulation by progesterone concentrations, and 81.2% from the first day of cytologic diestrus, respectively. These results indicated that the prediction of parturition day by vaginal cytology was useful method for management of reproduction and parturition in small pet bitches.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.203-211
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• 1988

The present study was carried out to investigate the estrous behavior and vaginal smear after induction of estrus with exogenous hormones in the premature, metestrous and anestrous bitches. A total of 21 bitches(Mixed breed: 16, Jindo breed: 5), from 10 months to 5 years of age and weighing 8 to 15 kg was studied the change of vaginal smear and the estrous behavior before and after induction of estrus. The results obtained are as follows: 1. In the treatment A(They were given the $PGF_2{\alpha}$, estrone, estradiol-$17{\beta}$, PMSG and HCG) proestrus commenced in $10.16{\pm}1.44$($Mean{\pm}SEM$) days after treatment, The mean duration of proestrus, and estrus was $7.50{\pm}1.44$ and $13.50{\pm}3.44$ days, respectively. In the treatment B(They were given the PMSG and HCG) proestrus commenced in $5.53{\pm}0.59$ days after treatment. The mean duration of proestrus and estrus was $6.60{\pm}0.71$ and $14.60{\pm}1.14$ days, respectively. 2. All of the 6 bitches in the treatment A showed vulval swelling and vaginal discharge, 14 of the 15 bitches in the treatment B showed vulval swelling and vaginal discharge. However, all of the treatment A and B showed male acceptance. 3. The main change of vaginal smear in proestrus and estrus after induction of estrus was a increase in the proportion of anuclear and superficial cells associated with a decrease in small intermediate and parabasal cells. By the estrous behavior and vaginal smear the estrus was induced in all the premature, metestrous and anestrous bitches.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

Objectives: Vaginal Candidiasis with an approximate prevalence of 30% is the second cause of vaginal infections. Antifungal azole is the first treatment for Vaginal Candidiasis; however, some side effects have been reported for this chemical medicine. Based on the antifungal activity of Inner Stratum of Quercus Brantii (Q. Brantii), the aim of our study was to compare the effects of vaginal douche of Q. Brantii extract and clotrimazole on vaginal candidiasis symptoms before and after the treatments, in women. Methods: 89 non-pregnant women with positive KOH test which is capable of identifying the presence of hyphae and mycelium by adding KOH (10%), and a positive vaginal candidiasis culture were randomly divided into two experimental groups, using permuted block randomization method. One group received clotrimazole vaginal cream (1%) and the other group received vaginal douche of Q. Brantii extract. Groups were treated for 7 days and KOH tests and cultures were evaluated again. Data were analyzed via chi-square and independent t-test, using SPSS software. Results: According to the results, there were no significant differences between experimental groups for demographic characteristics like age (p=0.403), BMI (p=0.911), educational levels (p=0.862) and contraceptive methods (p=0.702). Moreover, significant differences were seen in vaginal discharge between the groups after the treatments (P=0.043). Conclusion: The results suggested that the therapeutic effect of vaginal douche of Q. Brantii extract was approximately similar to that of clotrimazole vaginal cream.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3191-3193
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• 2016

Background: The human papilloma virus (HPV) is considered as the major risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. This virus is of different genotypes and generally can be classified into high and low risk types. Objective: To determine the rate of high risk HPV genotypes in women with vaginal discharge and lower abdominal pain in Kurdistan region, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Cervical swabs were taken from 104 women. DNA was extracted and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to determine the presence of high risk genotypes. Results: It was found that 13/104 (12.5%) of the samples were positive for high risk HPV genotypes. Amongst those who were positive, 4/13 (30.7%) were typed as genotype 16 and 7/13 (53.8%) showed mixed genotyping. On the other hand, genotypes 53 and 56 were found in only one sample each. Conclusions: High risk HPV genotypes are not uncommon and further community based study is needed to determine the prevalence of HPV and its genotypes and plan for prevention of infection.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.285-294
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• 2013

Purpose: The study was done to survey feminine hygiene and vaginal douche practices in middle-aged women to obtain basic information for public health education. Methods: With a descriptive survey design, 134 middle-aged women who have menstrual period were recruited via convenience sampling. Survey contents were from the study by Czerwinski (2000) regarding feminine hygiene and vaginal douching practices. After obtaining IRB approval, a self-administered structured questionnaire was distributed to study participants. Results: Mean age of middle-aged women was 46.88 years old. Fifty-six percent of the women practiced vaginal douching. Women performed douching with water (68%), commercial products (13%), soap (12%), and vinegar-mixed water (6%) for clean and fresh feeling, removal of unpleasant odor, and removal of vaginal discharge. Vaginal douche practice was significantly related to a history of vaginitis. Conclusion: The study results indicate that most of the women practiced inadequate feminine hygiene especially in douching, suggesting that is important to develop education programs on feminine hygiene practices for women of all ages, especially regarding douching and hand washing before and after changing pads or tampons.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.434-437
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• 2001

A female Russian blue cat has invited Animal Hospital because of diarrhea after the mating. The eggs on internal parasite and Giardia sp. were diagnosed in the feces floating test, and treated with metronidazole, pyrantel pamoate and antibiotics. There were no diarrheal sign in the reevaluation, but anorexia, polydipsia, polyuria, and vaginal discharge was newly induced. Streptococcus sp. was inspected by smearing of vaginal discharge, and enlarge-ment of uterus was evaluated by x-ray examination. This case was confirmed as pyometra and recovered by ovariohysterectomy on the basis of that examination. The rate of incidence in feline pyometra is not so high as in the canine.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.305-310
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• 2020

To confirm the accuracy of the prediction of parturition day, the actual parturition days were compared with each day of the prediction of parturition day (n = 80). The accuracy of the prediction of parturition day was 80.0% (64/80) with a precision of ± 2 days from the first day of estrus after the first vaginal discharge, 97.5% (78/80) from the day when plasma progesterone concentrations increase above 4.0 ng/ml, and 72.5% (58/80) from the first day of diestrus, respectively. The accuracy of the prediction of parturition day by plasma progesterone concentration was higher than that by the first day of estrus and diestrus after the first vaginal discharge. These results indicated that the determination of plasma progesterone concentrations at estrus were a useful method for estimating of parturition day and for the reproductive management in pregnant bitches.