• 약학회지
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.268-276
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• 2014

Background: World Health Organization considers opioid analgesic use as an important measure in the treatment of pain relief. However, there are limited data about the pattern of opioid analgesic use in tertiary care hospitals in Korea. The aim of this study was to describe the trends in the prescribed amount of the opioid for 13 years from 2000 to 2012 in a single tertiary care hospital. Methods: The data from the prescribed amount of opioid use in patients aged over 18 years were retrieved from medical charts and longitudinal pharmacy records of Seoul National University Hospital. Yearly prescribed amount of opioids were calculated using defined daily dose adjusted by hospital stay (DDD/1000${\bullet}$HS). Results: Over the 13 years of the study period, overall use of opioid has increased by 64.1%. Although, the opioid use by hospitalized patients comprised 98%~99% of total amount of opioid use, the proportions of opioid use by outpatient and by cancer patient increased from 1.1% to 2.2% and from 60.5% to 69.3%, respectively. The use of non-injectable opioids has increased by 47% and that of injectables has increased by 70%. While the amount of codeine and morphine use has decreased, the use of both transdermal and injection formulation of fentanyl has increased dramatically. Also, the use of oxycodone has increased, especially in outpatient setting. Conclusion: This longitudinal study showed that opioid analgesic use in tertiary hospital, especially in outpatient is continuously increasing. Improvement in pain management in tertiary care hospital can be cautiously inferred based on this results.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.849-859
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• 2013

최근 각국은 무선 광대역 서비스용 주파수 확보를 위하여 공공주파수와 방송용 주파수의 효율적 이용을 도모하고 있다. 본 연구는 해외의 공공주파수 및 방송용 주파수 관리 정책 동향을 살펴보고, 이를 참고하여 우리나라의 관련 현안에 대한 정책 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 공공주파수의 효율적 활용을 위한 정책 방안으로, 공공주파수에 대한 이용실태 조사, 공공주파수에 대한 기회비용 부과, 주파수 효율성 기금의 설치, 군주파수의 효율적 이용을 위한 유인 제공, 공공주파수에 대한 공유정책 도입 등을 제안하였다. 그리고 방송용 주파수의 효율적 활용을 위하여는 단기적으로는 방송통신발전기금의 부과기준 변경, 중장기적으로 상업용 방송주파수에 대한 할당방식 변경과 행정가격 부과를 제안하였다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.592-607
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• 2003

본 연구는 대구시 도심의 토지이용 변화와 재개발의 실태를 파악하고, 도심 공간의 쇠퇴가 토지이용에 어떻게 반영되고 있는지를 고찰하였다. 1980년대이래 우리나라의 대도시가 겪는 공통의 현상으로서 도심의 쇠퇴는 인구뿐만 아니라 경제활동에서도 영향을 미치고 있다. 이 같은 도심의 공동화 현상과 관련하여 도심에서 토지이용을 크게 용도지역과 실제 토지이용의 측면에서 중심상업지구와 주거지역에서 변화를 파악하였다. 그 결과 중심상업지역은 중심상점가에서 상업적인 기능이 강화되고, 업무적 기능은 정체 혹은 쇠퇴로 나타나는데 비해 주거용 토지이용은 다른 용도지역과 혼합되어 나타나지만 실제 개발은 필지 규모의 제약 때문에 도심 공간의 효율화에 저해가 되는 것으로 밝혀진다. 아울러 건축물에 기초한 토지이용 전환의 정도에 의해서 주거용도의 변화정도를 뒷받침하고 있다. 끝으로 도시재개발사업의 일환으로서 도심재개발 사업을 살펴보고, 현재의 문제점과 그 과정을 기술하였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.496-506
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• 2013

본 연구는 계획적으로 조성된 단독주택지구의 주차부족을 야기하는 근본적 원인이 현실을 제대로 고려하지 못한 토지이용계획에 있음을 제기하고 이에 대한 개선방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 강릉시 교동2택지개발지구의 단독주택지구를 사례로 개발계획에 나타난 토지이용계획과 주차계획 등을 검토하였으며, 현장조사를 통해 토지이용현황과 주차실태를 조사하였다. 단독주택지구의 주차문제를 발생시키는 주요 요인으로는 현실을 제대로 반영하지 못한 토지이용계획에 있는데, 이는 주차수요가 과소 추정되고 주차장 공급이 부족한 결과를 낳았다. 또한 개발 이후의 토지이용과 주차에 대한 관리가 소홀했다는 점도 들 수 있다. 이와 같은 문제에 대한 개선방안으로는 토지이용계획 수립 시점부터 향후 토지이용 변화를 예측하여 적절한 토지이용계획 및 주차장 확보계획이 이루어져야 하며, 주차수요의 변화를 반영한 토지이용 관리가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제30권3_4호
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• pp.293-307
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• 2003

객체지향 개발이 보편화되었지만 객체지향 프로젝트를 지원하는 소프트웨어 관리 기법에 대한 연구가 미흡하다. 또한, 기존의 소프트웨어 관리 기법을 객체지향 프로젝트에 적용하는 것 역시 어려움이 있다. 특히, 늘어가는 객체지향 기반의 대형 프로젝트에 적합한 프로젝트 계획 기법에 대한 연구가 미흡하다. 본 논문에서는 객체지향 프로젝트를 위한 관리 요소 중 스케줄링에 대한 체계화된 기법을 제안한다. 시스템의 기능적인 요구사항이 기술된 Use Case 다이어그램을 이용하여 객체지향 프로젝트 스케줄을 도출해 가는 과정을 Use Case 식별, 상호의존성 분석을 통한 초기 PERT 차트 작성, 각 Use Case의 특성 규명, Iteration 개수 결정, Iteration에 Use Case 할당, 유용한 자원과 제약 사항 고려, Revised PERT 차트 작성의 7 단계로 나누어 제안한다. 각 단계에 내한 입력 물과 중간 산출물, 그리고 수행 지침을 제시한다. 본 논문의 프로젝트 스케줄링 기법은 짧은 개발 기간 동안 고품질의 소프트웨어 생산에 목적을 둔 프로젝트 계획 단계에서 효율적인 기법으로 사용된다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2016

Purpose: Laws and regulations of land use are enormous, and the appliance of regulations is overlapped redundantly. Therefore, there are many problems such as time consuming in the process, limiting individual property rights, and interrupting enterprises' economic activities. This study will discuss problems of redundant regulations of land use and its improvement by figuring out current regulations of land use in Gyeonggi-do, one of provinces which applies the most various regulations of land use. Method: This study reviews laws on national land-use planning system and characteristics of land-use regulation in Korea. The extent of the review is limited to "framework act on the regulation of land use" with categories of national land, urban planing, architecture, etc. Through case studies in Gyeonggi-do, the status and problems of redundant regulations of land use are defined. For example, it is overlapped in "Seoul Metropolitan Area Readjustment Planning Act", Development Restriction Zone, Paldang Special District, and so on. It is mainly referred to 2015 Gyeonggi-do land-use restriction map. Result: First, Gyeonggi-do confronts many problems related to the development restrictions and the financial increasement for environmental management by redundant regulations. The development restrictions include supplying additional land for industrial use, relocating colleges, and height limitation relating to military facilities. Second, in order to organize redundant regulations, it is required to combine similar regulations and adjust through communication system among other departments. Third, regulations should consider unique local condition of each district. Lastly, efficient application of regulations is necessary so as to maximize the function of land, protect individual property rights, and stimulate local development.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.24-41
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the determinants of e-mail use and its effects on the organizational effectiveness of hospital administrative workers. Data were collected from 147 administrative workers at 2 university hospitals in Seoul using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The major findings of the study are as follows: 1. There are significant differences in the use of e-mail for business purpose in terms of the gender, age, status, and education level. Workers who are men, over 30s, high status, and highly educated were more likely to use the e-mail. As for the private use, there are significant differences only in terms of the age level. 2. The more job characteristics need to use e-mail, the more workers have computer skills, and the more favorable the organizational culture is to using the e-mail, the more frequently the workers use the e-mail for both business and private purposes. 3. Job characteristics and personal computer skills have significant positive effects on the use of e-mail for business purpose. However, for the private purpose, only personal computer skills have a significant effect on the use of e-mail. 4. The level of the e-mail use for the business purpose has a significant effect on the work productivity, communication, and job satisfaction, while the level of the e-mail use for the private purpose has a significant effect only on the communication and job satisfaction. The implications for hospital administrators and suggestions for further research are discussed.

• 대기
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.483-499
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• 2015

This study examined the impact of change of land-use and meteorological condition due to urbanization on heat environment in Seoul metropolitan area over a decade (2000 and 2009) using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Urban Canopy Model (UCM). The numerical simulations consist of three sets: meteorological conditions of (1) October 2000 with land-use data in 2000 (base simulation), (2) October 2009 with land-use data in 2000 (meteorological condition change effect) and (3) October 2009 with land-use data in 2009 (both the effects of land-use and meteorological condition change). According to the experiment results, the change of land-use and meteorological condition by urbanization over a decade showed different contribution to the change of heat environment in Seoul metropolitan area. There was about $1^{\circ}C$ increase in near-surface (2 m) temperature over all of the analyzed stations due to meteorological condition change. In stations where the land-use type changed into urban, large temperature increase at nighttime was observed by combined effects of meteorological condition and land-use changes (maximum $4.23^{\circ}C$). Urban heat island (UHI) over $3^{\circ}C$ (temperature difference between Seoul and Okcheon) increased 5.24% due to the meteorological condition change and 26.61% due to the land-use change. That is, land-use change turned out to be contributing to the strengthening of UHI more than the meteorological condition change. Moreover, the land-use change plays a major role in the increase of sensible heat flux and decrease of latent heat flux.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2018

Objectives: To identify the associations of characteristics of the neighborhood environment with substance abuse among clients receiving treatment for drug abuse in Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 1128 drug addicts from 28 neighborhoods who were receiving treatment at all 7 compulsory drug detention centers in Thailand. A trained interviewer conducted structured interviews with the subjects about substance use and the perceived neighborhood environment in their community. A multilevel logistic regression model was applied to estimate the effects of the neighborhood environment on substance use. Results: The majority of participants, 53.8% only used methamphetamine pills, 31.3% used other illicit drugs as well as methamphetamine pills, and 14.9% used an illicit drug other than methamphetamine. Three neighborhood characteristics were associated with substance use. A 1-unit increase in the perceived neighborhood cohesion score was associated with a 15% reduction in methamphetamine pill use and an 11% reduction of the use of both methamphetamine pills and another illicit drug. Conversely, a 1-unit increase in perceived neighborhood crime predicted 19 and 14% increases in the use of methamphetamine pills and the use of both methamphetamine pills and another illicit drug, respectively. In addition, a 1-unit increase in the scores for stigma surrounding addiction corresponded to a 25% increase of the use of methamphetamine pills and a 12% increase in the use of both methamphetamine pills and another illicit drug. Conclusions: Substance use among drug addicts was influenced by characteristics of the neighborhood environment. Therefore, prevention and intervention strategies should be designed based on a consideration of the impact of neighborhood context on substance use behaviors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1269-1276
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• 2016

Background: Tobacco consumption continues to be the leading cause of preventable deaths globally. The objective of this study was to examine the associaton of selected socio-demographic variables with current tobacco use in five countries that participated in the Phase II Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 2011 - 2012. Materials and Methods: We analysed internationally comparable representative household survey data from 33,482 respondents aged ${\geq}15years$ in Indonesia, Malaysia, Romania, Argentina and Nigeria for determinants of tobacco use within each country. Socio-demographic variables analysed included gender, age, residency, education, wealth index and awareness of smoking health consequences. Current tobacco use was defined as smoking or use of smokeless tobacco daily or occasionally. Results: The overall prevalence of tobacco use varied from 5.5% in Nigeria to 35.7% in Indonesia and was significantly higher among males than females in all five countries. Odds ratios for current tobacco use were significantly higher among males for all countries [with the greatest odds among Indonesian men (OR=67.4, 95% CI: 51.2-88.7)] and among urban dwellers in Romania. The odds of current tobacco use decreased as age increased for all countries except Nigeria where. The reverse was true for Argentina and Nigeria. Significant trends for decreasing tobacco use with increasing educational levels and wealth index were seen in Indonesia, Malaysia and Romania. Significant negative associations between current tobacco use and awareness of adverse health consequences of smoking were found in all countries except Argentina. Conclusions: Males and the socially and economically disadvantaged populations are at the greatest risk of tobacco use. Tobacco control interventions maybe tailored to this segment of population and incorporate educational interventions to increase knowledge of adverse health consequences of smoking.