• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.133-137
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of chlorella diet supplementation. Blood accumulation and urine excretion levels were measured after the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed on a chlorella diet supplementation mixed with 40 ppm of CdCl$_2$. Four groups tested for blood accumulation and urine excretion levels. All four groups fed on a basic diet with a cadmium mixture. The diet for the first group contained only basic diet and the cadmium added to the drinking water. The diet for the three other groups contained cadmium to the drinking water, and 1%, 5% and 10% of chlorella added to the basic diet. A concentration of cadmium for the first group showed a 3.2$\pm$0.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/I blood accumulation level and 41.5$\pm$32.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l urinary excretion level, and the second group, which was fed on the basic diet with 1% of chlorella added and cadmium to the drinking water showed a $1.5\pm$0.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l blood level and only l4.l$\pm$1.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l urinary excretion level. The other two groups, which were fed on 5% and 10% of chlorella concentration and cadmium to the drinking water did not exhibit any notable effects greater than the group fed on 1% concentration of chlorella. The results suggest that the blood accumulation and urinary excretion of Cadmium are influenced by the chlorella diet supplementation from the concentration of 1% of the basic diet.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.416-420
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• 2018

Background: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been widely used as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in occupationally exposed workers. The objective of this study is to investigate the concentration of urinary 1-OHP among charcoal workers as subjects and non-charcoal workers as controls. Methods: Early morning urine samples were collected from 68 persons (25 charcoal workers in Igbo-Ora, 20 charcoal workers in Alabata, and 23 non-charcoal workers) who volunteered to participate in this study. 1-OHP determination in urine samples was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography after hydrolysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis at p < 0.05. Results: The mean urinary 1-OHP concentration (${\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine) among charcoal workers at Igbo-Ora and Alabata and non-charcoal workers were $2.22{\pm}1.27$, $1.32{\pm}0.65$, and $0.32{\pm}0.26$ (p < 0.01). There existed a relationship between respondent type and 1-OHP concentration. Charcoal workers were 3.14 times more at risk of having 1-OHP concentrations that exceed the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists guideline of $0.49{\mu}mol/mol$ creatinine than non-charcoal workers (relative risk = 3.14, 95% confidence interval: 1.7-5.8, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Charcoal workers are exposed to PAHs during charcoal production and are at risk of experiencing deleterious effects of PAH exposure. Routine air quality assessment should be carried out in communities where charcoal production takes place. Assessment of urinary 1-OHP concentration and use of personal protective equipment should also be encouraged among charcoal workers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.183-184
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• 2005

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.76-79
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• 1994

The concentration of styrne in blood of the occupationally syrene-exposed workers was checked by gas chromatographic headspace analysis. Mandelic acd in urine, that is a major metabolite of styrene, and hippuric acid wre also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. For the biological monitoring of styrene-exposed workers, the routine method of the quantitative determination of styrene nad its metabolites in the biolgical samples were studied.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 2015

Correlation between occupational exposure levels to toluene and urinary hippuric acid (HA) concentrations were studied for 124 workers at 54 work places. The highest indoor toluene concentration measured at printing process was 81.116 ppm, and their geometric average concentration was as high as 12.304 ppm. The geometric average concentration of hippuric acid in urine samples from workers who are exposed to toluene was 0.714 g/g creatinine. This is almost five times higher than the average HA concentration from non-exposure workers. Printing workers showed the average HA concentration of 1.145 g/g creatinine from their urine samples. It is the highest concentration among the workers exposed to toluene. The correlation coefficient between HA concentrations in urine and indoor toluene concentration at work places was relatively high as r=0.624 (P<0.01). But the correlations of HA with sex, smoking, drinking, age and employment history was relatively low. We can express the regression equation for the urinary HA concentration which is Y = 0.037X + 0.562 as exposure toluene concentration is X. The urinary HA concentrations showed significantly increase depend on indoor toluene concentration at work place.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 1997

Extracellular phospholipase $A_2$ activity has been detected in urine of patients with acute pyelonephritis (APN). This enzyme required micromolar $Ca^{2+}$ ion for its maximum activity and showed a broad range of pH (4.5~10) optimum. Urine enzyme hydrolyzed phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) more effectively than phosphatidylcholine (PC). $PLA_2$ activity in the urine of patients with APN was about 5-fold higher than that of healthy individuals. When urine was subjected to heparinSepharose column chromatography, phospholipase $A_2$ activity was detected in both heparin-non-binding and binding fractions. Both phospholipase $A_2$ activities were sensitive less than a micromolar calcium concentration and did not react with anti-human 14-kDa group II phospholipase $A_2$ monoclonal antibody, HP-l. These findings suggest that two kinds of novel extracellular phospholipase $A_2$. which may not belong to the 14-kDa group II phospholipase $A_2$ family, exist in the urine of patients with APN.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.129-139
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• 2002

This research purpose was to get urine and hair metal correlation by Spearman methods in subjects with long term intake of herbal medicine. And that result can help research for metal absorption mechanism in body. Subjects have been intake 1-124 months(7.55 months mean) in decoction and 1-60 months (1.27 months means) for some disease treatment in sampling point. 1) Metal concentrations in urine and hair of study subjects showed higher than WHO reference limits, especially 0.32-6.17% in urine and 11.69-26.95% in hair. 2) Metal concentration in urine correlated 0.37(p〈0.001) Cu to Cd, 0.37(p〈0.001) Pb to Cu, 0.29(p〈0.001) Pb to Cu, 0.29(p〈0.001) Pb to Cd, and 0.36(p〈0.001) Pb to Cu, -0.13(p〈0.05) Hg to Cu in hair. Also between urine and hair correlated 0.21(p〈0.001) Cd to Cd. 0.17(p〈0.01) Pb to Pb, -0.06 Cu to Hg, -0.01 Hg to Cu. These results showed that occur physical and chemical reaction among many metals in body, respectively. However, further study related this subjects will be need.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.151-156
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• 2020

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most significant postoperative complications of pediatric cardiac surgery. Because serum creatinine has limitations as a diagnostic marker of AKI, new biomarkers including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) are being evaluated to overcome these limitations and detect AKI at an early stage after cardiac surgery. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the clinical usefulness of these biomarkers in young children. Methods: Thirty patients with congenital heart diseases who underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were selected, and their urine and blood samples were collected at baseline and 6, 24, and 48 hours after surgery. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels as well as NGAL, KIM-1, and IL-18 levels in urine samples were measured, and clinical parameters were evaluated. Results: Of the 30 patients, 12 developed AKI within 48 hours after cardiac surgery. In the AKI group, 8 of 12 (66.6%) met AKI criteria after 24 hours, and urine KIM-1/creatinine (Cr) level (with adjustment of urine creatinine) peaked at 24 hours with significant difference from baseline level. Additionally, urine KIM-1/Cr level in the AKI group was significantly higher than in the non-AKI group at 6 hours. However, urine NGAL/Cr and IL-18/Cr levels showed no specific trend with time for 48 hours after cardiac surgery. Conclusion: It is suggested that urine KIM-1/Cr concentration could be considered a good biomarker for early AKI prediction after open cardiac surgery using CPB in young children with congenital heart diseases.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.329-331
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• 2006

Alkaptonuria is a rare metabolic disease in which homogentisic acid cannot be metabolized due to a lack of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase. The disease often manifests itself in childhood by darkening of the urine upon standing. The disease leads to such serious consequences as ochronosis of cartilage and connective tissues with arthritis. It is expected that treatment with ascorbic acid and a dietary restriction of protein may decrease the late and serious consequences by diminishing the serum concentration of the metabolite benzoquinone acetic acid. A thirteen month-old girl was recently diagnosed with alkaptonuria by urine organic acid analysis. She excreted pinkish urine on a diaper and as time went by the urine color changed to a light brown. In laboratory findings, urine examination and culture results were normal. But urine organic acid analysis detected abnormal findings a prominent and massive elevation of homogentisic acid. The other physical findings were normal. This is the first case diagnosed in Korea.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 2001

In order to propose a optimum method increasing accuracy and reproducibility in analysis of urine lead levels, we compared matrix modifier addition method and microwave digestion method. The results were as follows ; 1. Where the concentration of $Pd(NO_3)_2$(matrix modifier) was $50mg/{\ell}$, and ashing temperature was $900^{\circ}C$, the results were optimum. In case of matrix modifier addition method, the average coefficient of variation (CV) of normal man was 24.1%, and lead worker was 7.9%. The average urine lead levels of standard were $10.42\mu{g}/{\ell}$ and $19.89\mu{g}/{\ell}$ , the accuracies compared to reference values were 97.0% and 92.6%, respectively. 2. Microwave digestion temperature($160~180^{\circ}C$), time(15~25min) and the ratio of urine/ashing acid(1:1~4:1) did not significantly affect lead absorbance and background absorbance. Therefore we set up a optimum analytical conditions as follows: temperature, $160^{\circ}C$; time, 15min; the ratio of urine/ashing acid, 4:1. after samples were digested by the above analytical conditions, lead absorbance and background absorbance was measured at $450^{\circ}C$ as ashing temperature. The average coefficient of variation (CV) of normal man was 12.4%, and lead worker was 6.2%. The average urine lead levels of standard urine were $10.66\mu{g}/{\ell}$ and $23.31\mu{g}/{\ell}$, the accuracies compared to reference values were 99.3% and 103.9%, respectively. From the results, we suggest that microwave digestion method is a more favorable method than matrix modifier addition method because of easiness to reduce organic matter, possibility to analysis at low temperature and accuracy.