• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.805-817
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• 2009

This study was to investigate central localization of neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints(Wijung, $BL_{40}$) and neurons of immunoreactive to hormones and hormone receptors regulating urinary bladder function by using peudorabies virus(PRV). In this experiment, Bartha's strain of pseudorabies virus was used in rats to trace central localization of urinary bladder-related neurons and urinary bladder-related acupoints($BL_{40}$) which can regulate urinary system. PRV was injected into the urinary bladder and acupoints($BL_{40}$) related urinary system. After six days survival of rats, mainly common labeled neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were identified in spinal cord, medulla, pons and diencephalon by PRV immunohistochemical staining method. First-order PRV labeled neurons projecting to urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were found in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord. Commonly labeled preganglionic neurons were labeled in the lumbosacral spinal cord and thoracic spinal cord. They were found in the lateral horn area(sacral parasympathetic nucleus and intermediolateral nucleus), lamina V-X, intermediomedial nucleus and dorsal column area. The area of sensory neurons projecting to urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$) was L5-S2 spinal ganglia and T12-L1 spinal ganglia, respectively. In the brainstem, the neurons were labeled most evidently and consistently in the nucleus of tractus solitarius, area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), C3 adrenalin cells, parapyramidal area(lateral paragigantocellular nucleus), locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus nucleus, A5 cell group, Barrington's nucleus and periaqueductal gray matter. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the paraventricular nucleus and a few ones were in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, perifornical nucleus, periventricular nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the frontal cortex, 1,2 area, hind limb area, agranular insular cortex. Immunoreactive neurons to Corticotropin releasiing factor(CRF), Corticotropin releasiing factor-receptor(CRF-R), c-fos and serotonin were a part of labeled areas among the virus-labeled neurons of urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$). The commonly labeled areas were nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), locus coeruleus, A5 cell group, Barrington,s nucleus, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, frontal cortex 1, 2 area, hind limb, and perirhinal(agranular insular) cortex. These results suggest that overlapped CNS locations are related with autonomic nuclei which regulate the functions of urinary bladder-relate organs and it was revealed by tracing PRV labeled neurons projecting urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints. These commonly labeled areas often overlap with the neurons connected with hormones and hormone receptors related to urination.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.3805-3807
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• 2016

Literature on the relationship between recurrent urinary tract infections and urinary bladder carcinoma risk has been inconsistent. Therefore, we carried out this systematic review of observational studies to ascertain if there is any association between chronic urinary tract infection and urinary bladder carcinoma. A total of 10 databases were searched using Boolean: CINAHL, PUBMED, Google Scholar, Medline, Science Direct, SCIRUS, Cochrane, UK PubMed central, NHS evidence and WHO-website. The search yielded an initial hit of 3,518 articles and after screening and critical appraisal, seven studies were included for this review. Four articles reported an association between chronic urinary tract infections and bladder cancer while three concluded a weak or no association at least in one gender. Main findings in this review were that most of the studies reported an association between chronic urinary tract infections and bladder cancer risk. However, inferences about the causal association between chronic urinary tract infections and bladder cancer risk should be drawn cautiously considering the methodological limitations of case-control studies included in this review. Therefore, more empirical evidence is needed to determine the causal nature of relationships between chronic urinary tract infections and bladder cancer risk.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.78-87
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify relationship of urinary symptom, urinary discomfort and quality of life among the bladder cancer patients and benign prostate hypertrophy patients, and to contribute health promotion of such patients and nursing intervention development based on this results. Method: Study sample recruited bladder cancer patents(n=49) and benign prostate hypertrophy patients who admitted Seoul National University Hospital from June, 2002 to June, 2003. Both group patients were operated, and prostate hypertrophy patients group (mean 67.8 years old) were older than bladder cancer patients group(60.82 years old). Instruments was composed of general characteristics, urinary symptom scale(19 items), urinary discomfort scale(19 items) and quality of life scale(21 items). Data was analysed SPSS PC + 10. using mean, standard deviation, pearson correlation coefficient. Result as follows: 1. There was a statistically significant difference in occupation between two groups (p=.027). Hypertrophy patients group's age was more older than bladder cancer patients group. 2. The prostate hypertrophy patients group had the significantly higher score in urinary symptom (p=000) and nighttime urination frequency. However, there was no significant difference in incontinence symptoms and the symptoms associated bladder cancer between two groups. 3. The prostate hypertrophy patients group had significantly higher score in urinary discomfort (p=000) than the bladder cancer patients group. However, there was no significant difference incontinence discomfort and the discomfort associated bladder cancer between two groups. 4. The prostate hypertrophy patients group suffered more urinary discomfort than the bladder cancer patients group did. The quality of life the prostate hypertrophy patients group was lower than the quality of life the bladder cancer patients group. Quality of life was no statistically significant difference between two groups (p=000). 5. There was a positive correlation between urinary symptoms and urinary discomfort. However, there was a negative correlation between the quality of life and urination symptoms and discomfort. Conclusions: The prostate hypertrophy patients group had significantly higher score in urinary symptom and urinary discomfort (p=000) than the bladder cancer patients group. The quality of life the prostate hypertrophy patients group was lower than the quality of life the bladder cancer patients group. This means that urinary symptom and urinary discomfort in prostate hypertrophy patient group is more important problem. So, prostate hypertrophy patient group need to control the symptom. Therefore, nurses will be provide the intervention program to improve the bladder function after prostate hypertrophy surgery.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.237-251
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• 2013

Objective : Min fire(民火) is mentioned as a kind of fire that exists in human body, which rarely appears in traditional medical books. It was mainly mentioned as a fire in urinary bladder, and was referred to have some function in the process of qi transformation(氣化) in urinary bladder. As the concept of min fire was originated from the Taoist internal alchemy, this study will make a comparative research between the examples of min fire in medical theory and Taoist internal alchemy, and will find out the conceptual significance of min fire in medical theory. Method : Among traditional medical books, min fire appears in such books as Yixuerumen(醫學入門), Youyoujicheng(幼幼集成), Fengshijinnangmilu(馮氏錦囊秘錄), and also in some books of Taoist internal alchemy. Though rather brief and informal, they show us some information about the performance of min fire in human body. So based on the information about min fire that was acquired from those books, this study will apply the concept of min fire to the traditional dispute on the problem of qi transformation in urinary bladder. Result & Conclusion : The concept of min fire that is related to the problem of qi transformation in urinary bladder, shows well that qi transformation in urinary bladder produces not only urine but also the ascent of shuijing(水精). And it also shows well that min fire acts as a power for the qi transformation in urinary bladder, which would perform well in the cooperation with sovereign fire(君火). This can be presented as a theoretical basis that the power for the qi transformation in urinary bladder is basically prepared in urinary bladder itself.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.51-55
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• 1991

The diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder is difficult in that the symptoms and cystoscopic findings are nonspecific. The cytology of urine could be helpful for diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder. We present a case of bladder washing cytology of carcinoma in situ. A 54-year-old man presented with dysuria for 1 year. Cystoscopic findings revealed multifocal reddish trabeculated lesions. The bladder washing cytology revealed rather uniform tumor cells which were singly scattered of forming syncytium in the clean back-ground. The nuclei were round to oval with inconspicious nucleoli. The cystoscopic biopsy revealed typical histologic features of carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

Background: Early diagnosis of carcinoma of bladder remains a challenge. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family, is frequently activated in bladder carcinoma. The objective of this study was to investigate urinary survivin as a marker for diagnosis of urinary bladder. Materials and Methods: We examined urinary survivin concentration in 28 healthy individuals, 46 positive controls and 117 cases of histologically proven TCC prior to transurethral resection, using ELISA, and compared values with findings for urinary cytology. Results: Survivin was found to be significantly higher in the cancer group (P<0.05). A cut off value of 17.7 pg/ml was proposed, with an approximate sensitivity of 82.9% and specificity of 81.1% (P<0.0001), whereas urine cytology had a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 96.0%. Conclusions: Urinary survivin can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for TCC bladder, both for primary and recurrent disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3549-3553
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• 2012

Primary small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder is a rare but aggressive disease with poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. It accounts for less than 1 % of all the primary cancers seen in the urinary bladder. Diagnosis and management of this entity poses a challenge to the clinician due to the lack of a standardized protocol for its treatment. Herein we discuss primary small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in its entirety.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.1723-1726
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• 2012

Objective: To summarize and evaluate various urinary markers for early detection, diagnosis and follow-up of human bladder cancer. Methods: A MEDLINE and PUBMED search of the latest literature on urinary markers for bladder cancer was performed. We reviewed these published reports and made a critical analysis. Results: Most urinary markers tend to be less specific than cytology, yielding more false-positive results, but demonstrating an advantage in terms of sensitivity, especially for detecting low grade, superficial tumors. Some tumor markers appear to be good candidates for early detection, diagnosis, and follow-up of human bladder cancer. Conclusion: A number of urinary markers are currently available that appear to be a applicable for clinical detection, diagnosis, and follow-up of bladder cancer. However, further studies are required to determine their accuracy and widespread applicability.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.531-536
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• 2013

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) from the urinary bladder regulate detrusor smooth muscle activities. We cultured ICCs from the urinary bladder of mice and performed patch clamp and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) imaging to investigate whether cultured ICCs can be a valuable tool for cellular functional studies. The cultured ICCs displayed two types of spontaneous electrical activities which are similar to those recorded in intact bladder tissues. Spontaneous electrical activities of cultured ICCs were nifedipine-sensitive. Carbachol and ATP, both excitatory neurotransmitters in the urinary bladder, depolarized the membrane and increased the frequency of spike potentials. Carbachol increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ oscillations and basal $Ca^{2+}$ levels, which were blocked by atropine. These results suggest that cultured ICCs from the urinary bladder retain rhythmic phenotypes similar to the spontaneous electrical activities recorded from the intact urinary bladder. Therefore, we suggest that cultured ICCs from the urinary bladder may be useful for cellular and molecular studies of ICCs.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.469-473
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effects of urinary acupoint (BL-23, BL-28) by acupuncture (AP) and electroacupuncture (EA) on urinary bladder in dogs. Four healthy male dogs aged within the range of 6~8 months were used in this experiment. For Electrodes implantation on the bladder, dogs were to undergo surgical operation. The purpose of investigating the effect on urinary bladder was to evaluate electromyogram (EMG) changes according to AP or EA at Shen Shu (BL-23), Pang Guang Shu (BL-28) and non-acupoint. AP and EA (2~4 V, 10 Hz) were applied for 20 min to each point. EMG was evaluated when acupuncture began stimulation and as soon as the stimulation by electroacupuncture was gone. By the experiment of investigating the effect of urinary time it was estimated to measure time up to urination from stimulation on effective acupoint, after saline was filled with 70% of whole volumes on urinary bladder. The wave of EMG on resting stage showed simple and regular, whereas that of EMG on urination showed irregularly strong peaks before urination. Acupuncture of BL-28 had an influence on changes of EMG which had irregular peaks on urination. But the changes of EMG after acupuncture of BL-28 and control were regular like resting stage. The changes of EMG after EA at BL-23 and BL-28 showed irregularly a variety of wave forms. The interval through urination from stimulation at BL-28 and control become short as measuring time by EA (p<0.01). According to the results, AP at BL-28 was effective to urinary bladder. EA at BL-23 and BL-28 was effective to urinary bladder. Especially, the interval on stimulating at BL-28 by EA was the shortest in measuring time to urination from stimulation.