• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2018

This study was conducted to examine the germination and growth during seedling period of Codonopsis lanceolata and Astragalus membranaceus as affected by different media. The seeds were sown in commercial medium (Tosilee), coir, rockwool, and urethane sponge. The seeds were germinated for 22 days in a closed-type plant production system, and seedlings were grown for 35 days after sowing in the venlo-type glasshouse located on Gyeongsang National University. Nutrient solution was supplied by the sub-irrigation as EC $1.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and pH 6.5 every second day. Final germination of Codonopsis lanceolata was the significantly highest in the coir and rockwool media as 68.5% and 67.9%, respectively. Mean daily germination was also the highest in the coir and rockwool media as 4.2 and 4.1, respectively. The germination rate of Astragalus membranaceus was not significantly difference in the media types. Plant height and leaf area of Codonopsis lanceolata were the significantly highest in the rockwool medium as 11.5 cm and $11.3cm^2$, respectively. Longest root length and fresh weight of root were the greatest in the coir medium as 5.8 cm and 0.07 g, respectively. Plant height and leaf area of Astragalus membranaceus were the significantly highest in the coir medium as 14.0 cm and $16.9cm^2$, respectively, and fresh and dry weights of root were the highest in the urethane sponge medium as 0.34 g and 0.03 g, respectively. Therefore, these result suggest that the rockwool and coir media were suitable for the germination and growth during seedling period of Codonopsis lanceolata and Astraglus membranaceus.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 1983

1) To delineate the role of central ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptors$ in the pressor response to raised intracranial pressure(ICP), the influence of yohimbine, an ${alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ antagonist, on the pressor response to raised ICP was investigated in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. 2) The ICP was raised by infusing saline into a balloon placed in the epidural space. The rise of ICP was slow in the beginning of the infusion but it became sharp as the infusion proceeded. 3) In response to raised ICP, blood pressure(BP) tended to decrease slightly in the beginning and then increased sharply. BP, however, fell abruptly and markedly if ICP was raised further. The maximal pressor response to raised ICP was the increase of $49{\pm}2.4%$ of the original $BP(mean{\pm}SE\;in\;32\;experiments)$, and at this point the volume of saline infused into the balloon was $1.22{\pm}0.15\;ml$, and the ICP $165{\pm}6.4\;mmHg$. 4) Intraventricular yohimbine $(50{\mu}g)$ by itself did not affect BP. After the administration of this dose of yohimbine the increase of both ICP and BP was observed after the infusion of much smaller volume of saline than in the control animals, i.e., after the infusion of $0.83{\pm}0.02\;ml$ of saline the maximal increase of preesor response$(57{\pm}4.5%\;in\;6\;experiments)$ appeared and at this state the ICP was $164{\pm}9.6\;mmHg$. 5) Intraventricular $clonidine(30{\mu}g)$ markedly decreased BP by itself, and in the clonidine-treated rabbits the increase of ICP induced by the infusion was much less than in the control group and the pressor response to raised ICP was hardly seen. 6) The hypotensive effect of intraventricular clonidine was reversed by a susequent intraventricular $yohimbine(500\;{\mu}g)$. At this state the pressor response to raised ICP appeared as in the control animals. 7) These results show that the pressor response to raised ICP was facilitated when ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptors$ in the rabbit brain was blocked by yohimbine and that yohimbine antagonized the inhibitory effect of clonidine on the pressor response to raised ICP.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.203-212
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• 2005

Cellulose insulation is primarily manufactured from recycled newsprint and treated with fire retardants for the fire resistance. Thanks to the fire retardants, it is not combustible and flammable. In addition to that, Its thermal resistance is much better than that of fiberglass or rock wool. It is made from waste paper and easily decayed when it is demolished, and it has small embodied energy. So it is very environment-friendly building material. For broader use of cellulose insulation in buildings in Korea, it is necessary to test its physical performance to compare the results with the requirements on the Korean Building Code. To this end, apparent thermal conductivity (ka) measurements of Korean-made loose-fill cellulose insulations were recently completed using equipment that was built and operated in accordance with ASTM C 518 and the fire resistance was tested in accordance with ASTM C 1485. Korean loose-fill cellulose has thermal conductivity about 5% greater than the corresponding U.S. product at the same density. This is likely due to differences in the recycled material being used. Both spray-applied and loose-fill cellulose insulation lose about 1.5% of their thermal resistivity for $5.5^{\circ}C$ increase in temperature. The fire resistance of cellulose insulation is increased in linear proportion to the increase of the rate of fire retardant. Thanks to the high fire resistance, cellulose insulation can be used as a substitution of Styrofoam or Urethane foam which is combustible. The thermal conductivity of cellulose insulation was $0.037-0.043W/m{\cdot}K$ at the mean specimen temperature from $4-43^{\circ}C$. It corresponds to the thermal resistance of "Na Grade" according to the Korean Building Code. The effect of chemical content on thermal conductivity was negligible for all but the chemical-free specimen which had the highest value for the thermal conductivity over the temperature range tested. The thermal resistance of cellulose insulation is better than that of fiberglass or rock wool, and its fire resistance is higher than that of Styrofoam or Urethane foam. Therefore it can be substituted for those above considering its physical performance. Cellulose insulation is no more expensive than Styrofoam or rock wool, so it is recommended to use it more widely in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.13-23
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• 1978

1) It was attempted to clarify the sites of action of central (either intraventricular or intracisternal) norepinephrine(NE) and clonidine to cause cardiac slowing and hypotension in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. 2) NE produced cardiac slowing but indistinct effect on blood pressure. Clonidine produced cardiac slowing and hypotension. 3) Intraventricular and intracisternal administration of NE, clonidine, phenylephrine and isoproterenol did not make difference in their effects, except that the onset of cardiac slowing by intracisternal NE was more rapid than intraventricular NE. 4) Upon repeated administration of NE at the intervals of about two hours, blood pressure responses changed to the pressor ones, the cardiac slowing unchanged. By this procedure the cardiac slowing as well as the hypotension by clonidine were gradually diminished. 5) Clonidine, when given during the NE effects were persisting, did not produce the lowering of blood pressure and further decrease of heart rate. NE, when given during the clonidine effects were persisting, produced marked elevation of blood pressure but did not produce further decrease of heart rate. 6) After intraventricular administration of regitine or desmethylimipramine, the cardiac slowing effect of NE and the clonidine effects were not observed, whereas NE produced marked elevation of blood pressure. 7) Reserpinized rabbits showed pressor and cardiac accelerating responses to NE; slight pressor, and little cardiac responses to clonidine. 8) It seems that the cardiac slowing by both clonidine and NE as well as the hypotetsion by clonidine are mediated by the presynaptic ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptor in the brain but the pressor responses to NE and clonidine are mediated by other site(s) than the presynaptic ones.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1986

It has been well documented that the peripheral autonomic nervous system plays an important role in exocrine pancreatic secretion. However, the role of the central nervous system in pancreatic function is still obscure even though the central nervous system has been known to control gastrointestinal functions through the autonomic nervous system. Since the reticular formation in the mesencephalone seems to integrate the autonomic function, the present study was undertaken to investigate a possible influence of the reticular formation upon the exocrine pancreatic secretion. Twenty·two albino rats fasted for 24 hours were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of urethane in a dose of 1 g/kg, The pancreatic duct was cannulated to collect pancreatic juice and bile juice was diverted to the jejunum. The gastroduodenal junction was ligated to Prevent passage of gastic juice into the duodenum. A pair of electrodes were bilaterally inserted in the reticualr formation of the mesencephalone with aid of a stereotaxic apparatus. When the volume of pancreatic juice secreted for 10 min became constant, the reticular formation was electrically stimulated for 10 min. Parameters of the electical stimulation was 1.3V, 40 Hz and 2 msec. When the pancreatic secretion returned to the level before the electrical stimulation, cervical vagotomy (11 rats) or administration of propranolol (11 rats) in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg through the jugular vein was carried out. Ten minutes after the treatment, the electrical stimulation of the reticular formation was repeated. The brain was fixed by perfusion of 10% formaline solution through the heart, and then placement of the electrode tip was examined histologically. Protein concentration and amylase activity in samples of Pancreatic secretion were measured. The electrical stimulation of the reticular formation significantly increased in volume $({\mu}l/10\;min)$, Protein output $({\mu}g/10\;min)$ and amylase output (U/10 min) in the pancreatic secretion. The stimulatroy effects were not affected by the cervical vagotomy but completely abolished by propranolol. Meantime, it was also observed that both vagotomy and propranolol significantly reduced the pancreatic secretory function. These results indicate that the reticular formation in the mesencephalone may exert a stimulatory effect upon the Pancreatic secretory function not through the vagus nerve but through the sympathetic pathway in anesthetized rats.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 1986

To delineate the relationship between subtypes of central alpha-adrenoceptor and central calcium channel, influences of intracerebroventricular (icv) diltiazem and nifedipine on the changes of blood pressure and heart rate by icv methoxamine and clonidine were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. 1) Methoxamine (1mg, icv) produced pressor and bradycardiac effect and clonidine $(30\;{\mu}g,\;icv)$ produced hypotension and bradycardia. 2) Icv diltiazem and nifedipine elicited dose-dependent deprcssor and bradycardiac responses. The depressor response to nifedipine was more prominent than that to diltiazem but the bradycardiac effect of nifedipine was smaller than that of diltiazem. The depressor responses to icy nifedipine $(35{\mu}g)$ and icv diltiazem $(400{\mu}g)$ were persistent but those to intravenous (iv) nifedipine $(35{\mu}g/kg)$ and diltiazem $(200{\mu}g/kg)$ were transient. 3) The pressor response to methoxamine was little affected by pretreatment with in diltiazem $(400{\mu}g)$ or icv nifedipine $(35,\;350{\mu}g)$ but the bradycardiac response to methoxamine was significantly attenuated by the same pretreatment. 4) The depressor response to clonidine was markedly attenuated by pretreatment with icv diltiazem $(400{\mu}g)$ or icv nifedipine $(35,\;350{\mu}g)$ but not affected by pretreatment with iv diltiazem $(200{\mu}g/kg)$ or iv nifedipine $(20{\mu}g/kg)$. Pretreatment with icv and iv diltiazem or nifedipine reduced the bradycardiac effect of clonidine. 5) Pretreatment with icv clonidine had no effect on the depressor and bradycardiac responses to in diltiazcm or icv nifedipine. These results indicate that diltiazem and nifedipine have no effect on icv methoxamine-induced pressor response elicited by the activation of central alpha-l adrenoceptors whereas the icv clonidine-induccd depressor and bradycardiac effects which result from the activation of central alpha-2 adrenoceptors are inhibited by the calcium antagonists.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Purpose: Plastic optical monomer materials having ultra high refractive index have an income of the whole quantity from advanced nations to domestic companies which are related to plastic optical lens. It is necessary to develop novel plastic optical lens materials in order to overcome a FTA provision and revitalize a stagnating optical lens industry in the interior optical lens industries. The new plastic optical lens materials against the substitution effect of income should be gradually demanded. This work will be synthesized novel super high refractive monomer resin materials of urethane lens series and studied the properties of optical lens using it. Methods: ETS-4 (2-(2-mercaptoethylthio)-3-{2-[3-mercapto-2-(2-mercaptoethylthio)propyl thio]ethylthio}propane -1-thiol), which is optical lens monomer resin having super high refractive index, was synthesized and identified its structure and property by elemental analysis, EI-MS, TGA, FT-IR spectroscopy, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopies. After mixing evenly from mixed monomer resin and diisocyanate series, it was casting in glass mold. After thermal curing, the obtained optical lenses were measured and compared with the refractive index and Abbe number for studies of their optical properties. Results: We have synthesized the novel ultra high refractive index monomer resin, ETS-4, and have identified its structure and property by elemental analysis, EI-MS, TGA, FT-IR spectroscopy, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopies. The existence of three isomers for EST-4 was identified by $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. The refractive index ($N_d$ at $25^{\circ}C$) of monomer resin in liquid state obtained from the Abbe refractometer was 1.647. The refractive indexes of raw plastic optical lenses prepared from the mixed ETS-4 monomer and diisocyanate series were in the range of 1.656~1.680. Conclusions: Novel super high refractive index plastic optical lens monomer was synthesized and analysed, the optical lenses prepared using it were colorless transparency and excellent properties. It is of utility for the industrialization.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.134-142
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as affected by artificial light sources and different growing media in a closed-type plant production system (CPPS). The lettuce seeds were sown in the 128-cell plug tray filled with 5 different growing media such as urethane sponge (US), rock-wool (RW), Q-plug (QP), TP-S2 (TP) and PU-7B (PU). The germination rate of lettuce seeds was examined during 12 days after sowing. On the 13 days after sowing, the lettuce seedlings were transplanted in a CPPS with temperature $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and nutrient solution (EC $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, pH 6.5) using recirculating deep floating technique system. The light sources were set with FL (fluorescent lamps) and combined RB LEDs (red : blue = 7 : 3) with $150{\pm}10{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD and a photoperiod of 14/10 hours (light/dark). The initial germination rate of lettuce was the highest in TP. The final germination and mean daily germination were the significantly highest in RW, QP and TP. The plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of shoot were the greatest in QP irradiated with RB LED. The number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of root and SPAD were the greatest in QP and TP irradiated with RB LED. The root length was the longest in TP irradiated with RB LED. Therefore, these results indicate that RB LED was effective for the growth of lettuce and it was also found that the QP and TP were effective for the germination and growth of lettuce in a CPPS. In addition, we confirmed the applicability of the newly developed growing medium TP for the lettuce production in a CPPS.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.565-574
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• 2008

Functions of human brain including sensibility and emotion may be affected by drugs mediated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The present study was performed to evaluate whether injection route, volume and concentration of mannitol could alter the degree of disruption of the BBB. Under urethane anesthesia, female Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with 20% mannitol into the right internal carotid artery (ICA). In the other group, intravenous injection of mannitol through the femoral vein was performed. Evans blue(EB) dye was used as a marker of BBB disruption. When mannitol was injected via the ICA, the content of EB dye in the ipsilateral hemisphere was markedly increased. However, the content of EB in the brain was not increased when mannitol was injected via the femoral vein, even though the volume or concentration of mannitol was increased. These results suggest that the BBB was disrupted only through ICA injection route and this may provide a useful strategy for transient opening of the BBB to control the functions of human brain.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1988

To examine the selectivity of verapamil, used in the cardiovascular diseases, on alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor-induced pressor rsponses, effects of verapamil on alpha-adrenoceptor agonist-induced pressor responses were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rabbits, spinal rabbits, rats and pithed rats. To evaluate the effects of verapamil on each pressor response induced by norepinephrine, phenylephrine and clonidine, these agonists were previously injected into a ear vein, and then same procedures were performed 1~2 min after treatment with intravenous verapamil. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Intravenous verapamil produced dose-dependent depressor response in rabbits and rats. 2. Pressor responses to intravenous norepinephrine($10{\mu}g/kg$) and phenylphrine($30{\mu}g/kg$) were inhibited by pretreatment with intravenous verapamil in rabbits and no difference was noted between the degree of both inhibitions of the pressor response by verapamil. 3. Pressor responses to intravenous norepinephrine($3{\mu}g/kg$), phenylephrine($20{\mu}g/kg$) and clonidine ($300{\mu}g/kg$) were inhibited by pretreatment with intravenous verapamil in spinal rabbits. No difference was noted between the inhibition of norepinephrine-induced pressor response and that of phenylephrine-induced pressor response by verapamil. The inhibition of clonidine-induced pressor response by verapamil was more prominent than that of norepinephrine- or phenylephrine-induced pressor response. 4. Pressor responses to intravenous norepinephrine($3{\mu}g/kg$) and phenylephrine($10{\mu}g/kg$) were inhibited by pretreatment with intravenous verapairlil in rats and no difference was noted between the degree of both inhibitions of the pressor response by verapamil. 5. Pressor responses to intravenous norepinephrine ($3{\mu}g/kg$), phenylephrine($30{\mu}g/kg$) and clonidine($100{\mu}g/kg$) were inhibited by pretreatment with intravenous verapamil in pithed rats. No difference was noted between the inhibition of norepinephrine-induced pressor response and that of phenylephrine-induced pressor response by verapamil. The inhibition of clonidine-induced pressor response by verapamil was more prominent than that of norepinephrine- or phenylephrine-induced pressor response. These results suggest that verapamil significantly inhibits both pressor responses mediated by alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors and the inhibition is greater in alpha-2 adrenoceptor-induced response than in alpha-1 adrenoceptor-induced one, and calcium channel takes part in the process of the pressor response mediated by alpha-1 adrenoceptors as well as alpha-2 adrenoceptors.