• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.165-172
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• 2003

Temperature lowering effects varied by the arrangement and types of vegetation The effects of the arrangement and types of vegetation on lowering temperature have shown following results. 1) The temperature range of a vegetation shows that a higher temperature was recorded near urban towns while lower temperature was observed around the vegetation area and small streams. 2) The relationship between the arrangement of a vegetation and the temperature indicates that the lower temperature area matches with each vegetation area. Streets between vegetations and the lower end of the wind area have also lower temperature. 3) The relationship between inter-vegetationstreets and the temperature indicates that the lower temperature area has been observed not only at the streets of the lower end of the wind but at the streets in-between streets as well. Even when there's no vegetation area from which the wind blows, inter-vegetation streets showed the lower temperature. 4) With land coverage ratio and the temperature, the increase of planted areas, grass areas, and water level have positive effects on lowering the temperature while bare areas increase it. 5) From arbor to sub-arbor, the increase of trees has a significant effect on lowering the temperature of nearby area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.119-128
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• 2004

In 2004, the Incheon Urban Development Corporation held a design competition for the Song-Do apartment complex development. Several projects that won the prize in the recent design competitions were reviewed to look around the current design tendency, and current conditions of the site were surveyed. The authors tried to combine digital and environment-friendly factors, considering the site condition. Because the site is on reclaimed land and is located at the center of the information-technology industrial area, these two factors inform the main concept of this project. The site was divided into two different zones : the Ocean Zone and the Digital Zone. The 'community spaces'(community street, community plaza and so on) were designed for the various activities of the residents. The Patios, 'private' community spaces, included many facilities for play, appreciation, rest, exercise, refreshment and gathering. To avoid common landscape styles in the patios, simple and minimal forms were designed. The environmental sculptures were carefully planned, allocated and shaped with digital technology, based on the 'Present and Future of Song-Do'. The authors also tried to introduce environment-friendly factors, such as the green roof system, wall planting, and the water recycling system. This project is following the M.A. (Master Architect) process, and is still being modified to make the hi-tech and environment-friendly apartment complex.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 2012

This study is targeted on children's parks in Seogu, Daejeon with the goal of maximizing the usage and versatility of existing parks in the area by the survey and analysis of the general status of children's parks, land use near the parks, population, users, and traits of usage. For the purposes of this thesis this study has selected 65 of the children's parks in the Seogu District to monitor. It also focused on a number of these parks located in areas which underwent a lot of changes and needed an increase in usage and versatility. Based on the selection criteria, the four target parks, Wojeong, Meongwhack, Dosan and Wicdunjimi children's park were selected. The Survey shows that 55.9% of park visitors visited a park to 'rest and take a walk' and used 'main facilities' meaning resting facilities like pergola and benches. In the nighttime, the number of park visitors is so few because of safety problems. 50% of users were satisfied with parks. It shows that there are many respondents who want to recompose these parks as places for light exercise, resting, meeting, and as community symbols. Generally, these target parks don't reach their full potential and they also do not play their proper roles because they are hampered by the constriction of the law. These stick to an outdated idea of what a park should be like without considering the actual and practical needs of city dwellers. When it comes to the remodeling and refurbishing of these parks we have to rethink the planning process so that these parks may be more versatile and practical in order to accommodate the radical changes of users and patterns of usage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.27-45
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• 2018

Both the national land plan and the environmental plan reflect the need for sustainable land use and management. However, the linkage between the plans is reduced due to the lack of integrated management. Therefore, this study developed indicators to achieve integrated management. A total of 59 environmental plans were reviewed for the development of indicators, and a total of 74 integrated management indicators were derived through a three-stage process. In this process, the relevance of the integrated management indicators of this study to the UN 's sustainable development goals (SDGs) is presented in order to derive indicators that meet the level of international consultation. In order to facilitate the utilization of the indicators, the final indicators are divided into seven areas: natural ecology, water resource and quality, urban and green space, atmospheric, energy, landscape, resource circulation and waste. Furthermore, the indicators were classified into national, regional, and city level. Accordingly, the final indicator can be adapted to the field of influence of the planned to be established, and the indicator can be selected and applied to the level of the plan. The final indicators can be used to examine the extent to which the national plan reflects the contents of the environmental plan and can be used as an aid to confirm the contents to be included in the plan when establishing a new national plan.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.479-485
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• 2016

In 2007, London Thames Gateway delivery plan was started, and it was in progress to solve climate change, population density, housing problems, green space, regional imbalances, and transportation issues from east London and Kent to Essex. The plan was carried out faithfully local autonomy enlargement of local governments. This case is evaluated as a successful case of waterfront regeneration with well balanced on development and conservation. This study concludes as follows by comparing with this case and a new Han River management foundation plan. First, Seoul's new plan needs to change to diffuse thinking on comprehensively understanding. Second, local and central government, which are adjacent to Han River, need management scheme in cooperation. Third, the countermeasures for solving traffic problems in Seoul are required through the provision of transportation method to take advantage of the waterfront.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.72-87
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• 2000

The purpose of this research was analysis of biotope structure focused on the evaluation for the nature experience and recreation in the case of Suseoung District in Daegu metropolitan area. The results of this study were as follows; 1) The result of biotope type classification was divided into 17 biotope type groups and 90 biotope types belonging to them. 2) In the result of the first evaluation for the nature experience and recreation, biotope types such as MA, NA, OE, PH, QB etc. possess great value. Particulary these biotope types come from forest areas and transition zone. The have not appeared in the inner of cities. 3) The biotope types such as JC, ME, OA, OE, PB, QD, QF etc. are proved to possess high value in the result of the utility evaluation. 4) There emerges 3a biotope type that has the highest value in the result of the second evaluation - such as ME, NB, NC, PD, QB etc. Most of them range widely except in the urbanized areas. Most of them were presented into the large area of site size and in the outer forest areas. But most of them were distributed in the forest areas intensively. So, it is certain that the space of nature experience connected with residential district of the urban people s scarce. Finally, the detailed plan must be made out specially continuously. It is about biotope spaces that are important for the nature experience and the recreation from the result of this research. Also, the study on the detailed index settlement of the sight green plan based on the biotope map must be continued.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2021

Background and objective: People-nature experiences, which suggest that humans seek connections between nature and other forms of life, were presented by biologist E. O. Wilson in 1984. Biophilic design attributes support environments that can improve human connections to nature. A significant amount of literature on environmental psychology provides empirical evidence that nature benefits humans, and that practical landscape and built environments can be designed to link humans and nature (e.g., the 14 biophilic design patterns). To date, however, there has been no well-done research on reviewing the health benefits of biophilic design. Methods: The paper provides a narrative review on biophilic design and human health. The scope of this article is limited to biophilic-design books and peer-review articles related to "biophilic design," "evidence-based," "benefits," "health," rather than an attempt to identify universal issues with biophilia hypothesis. Results: A total of 45 papers were included in our review, which was related to the top five biophilic design patterns and design: the presence of natural images, the presence of plants, visual and non-visual connections to nature, and material connection with nature. These studies were related to physiology and psychology through direct or indirect connections with nature and experiences in space and place. Conclusion: This study presents two important comparisons of the empirical research on biophilic design and human health that can explain the relationship of people-nature experiences to biophilic design and human health and provides insights into related researches and recommendations for future application of our findings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify differences of perceptions for gardens and parks between experts and the general public concerning several aspects including scope, scale, publicity, artistic and scientific nature, main materials, practicality and aesthetics, executive and management systems as well as legal understanding of garden and park. The properties of garden and park were derived through literature research, and the concept, similarity, and difference of gardens and the parks were recognized by the experts and the public viewpoint was clarified by questionnaire. As for the difference in the scope of the gardens and the parks, the expert group recognized it more widely than the general public. In general, the space recognized as a garden was the rooftop green space, and urban forests were recognized as a park. In addition, the general public recognized urban forests as gardens the same as they recognized parks, and the distinction was unclear. In the expert group, the perception that gardens were small and the parks were large was more prevalent. It was generally recognized that gardens were private spaces and the parks were public spaces. In the expert group, the gardens were more personal and the parks were more apparent to the public. In the general population, functional and scientific aspects rather than artistic creativity in both gardens and parks. In addition, both the general public and experts found that parks are more complex than gardens. The garden was centered on plant material, and the park was recognized as a center where the sculptural facilities were centered, or the plant material and the sculptural facilities were properly balanced. To the experts the view of the gardens was positive. Expert groups emphasized the aesthetics of the garden, and the parks were more practical, and the general population showed similar perceptions of utility and aesthetics when comparing gardens and parks. In addition, the utility of gardens in the general publics is more emphasized than the aesthetics of the park. Regarding the executive system the park was recognized as the public sector, and the difference was larger in the expert group. As for the management system, both experts and the general public perceive the management of the park or the garden to be carried out by the supporting organization, and it is necessary to discuss the diversification of the management subject. It is found that there is a certain difference in recognition with the mixture of concepts, and there is still a big difference in legal system and perception.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.31-41
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• 2009

Under the Korea Building Act, anyone planning to build a building or buildings on a site over $200m^2$ must plant plants over a specific area. In large scale development this rule is adhered to well, but such is not the case in small scale development. Therefore, special attention must be given to small scale development. Thus, the purpose of this research is to analyze the current situation and practice of planting at small scale development sites in Seoul, and then suggest policies for improving them. In this study using the data covering Seongbuk-Gu and Gangnam-Gu, which was surveyed in 2002, the current situation and practice of planting at small scale development sites was analyzed. After a questionnaire survey was conducted with government officers and building owners, the same analysis was made. Then the policies for improvement were extracted. The results are as follows: 1. In superordinate planning stage, because the minimum standards are too low, those must be strengthened. Any district plan does not control planting in private building lots. This requests active application of planting in private building lots as a design control measure in district planning. 2. In the building design stage, there are no guidelines. The obligation of building set-back between adjacent buildings by the Korean Building Act produces mass shaded and inferior planting beds. The act also is blocking landscape architects' participation in small scale development. And wall installations deteriorate the streetscape and growth of plants with shading. Therefore guidelines must be made. 3. In each stage of the building permit, the permit for building completion, and maintenance the Korean Building Act is blocking landscape architects' participation in small scale development, so the planting plan is completely handled by nonprofessional persons. Therefore, the act should be amended in order to make way for landscape architects' participation in each stage of the small scale development process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2016

Urban park planning has become difficult due to the lack of municipal funds. Thereupon, a special scheme was imposed for city park planning. Since then, a legal amendment was made for economical improvement and more active participation. However, there are a lot of questions about whether it was a suitable direction for parks and where it should be emphasized for public interest. Base on these concerns, this study examined the basis and characteristics of location, creation, and maintenance of private development parks in Japan, which was the policy model of Korean private parks. Location and space planning of private development parks was made up considering an effective green network and disaster prevention function, and a minimum area was about 1.42ha. The minimum area, 1ha, was established on the basis of considering realistic possibilities, disaster protection, and universal validity. It was also amended to consider the standard of type two mid- to high-rise exclusive residential areas and consultation with regional governance. Finally, it was built on the lowest limit of ordinance of the relevant city; for example, 100% of the floor area ratio, 30% of the building coverage ratio, and the maximum height of 11 stories, etc. For maintenance, private and public sectors were working together. Maintenance fees for 35 years (based on $300yen/m^2$ per month) were paid en bloc by the licensee. However, the city was paid for facilities that accompanied excessive maintenance costs. Meanwhile, it seemed difficult to introduce attractive profit facilities because of the limitations in location, usage permission, and introduction equipment; furthermore, there were problems with management authority, and the burden of expenses was deducted. For creating private Korean parks, this study suggested that we should build priority of creating city parks and select appropriate locations first; also, we need to make criteria for location, creation, and standard management rules that are relevant to the whole nation of Korea.