• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 1998

The biosorption of heavy metals has received a lot of attraction for application of metal ions treatment. In this work, we studied with Arthrobactor sp., screening from a wastewater containing heavy metals. The Pb uptake capacity of Arthrobactor sp. was nearly 146.9 mg Pb/g dry biomass(initial concentration, 500 may L), whereas the Pb uptake capacity of Sacchuomyces cerevisiae and Sacchuomyces uvuum were only around 39.40 and 35.65 mg Pb yg dry biomass, respectively. The Pb and Cr were removed from metal solution much more effeciently than were the other metals(Cd and Cu). The Pb uptake capacity of Aythrobactor sp. increased with increasing in pH(1.8, 3.0 and 4.0) and decreased with Increaslng of biomass concentration. At pH 4.0, the Pb uptake capacity reached 244 mg Pb/g dry biomass in Pb initial concentration of 1000 mg/L. The Pb uptake capacity of Ayhol)actor sp. treated by KOH and $CaCl_2$ were increased above values obtained with untreated Ayurobactor sp. However, the Pb uptake capacity fore the breakthrough points were reached.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.399-408
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• 2018

In this study, we examined the molecular and functional characterization of choline uptake in the human esophageal cancer cells. In addition, we examined the influence of various drugs on the transport of [$^3H$]choline, and explored the possible correlation between the inhibition of choline uptake and apoptotic cell death. We found that both choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 mRNAs and proteins were highly expressed in esophageal cancer cell lines (KYSE series). CTL1 and CTL2 were located in the plasma membrane and mitochondria, respectively. Choline uptake was saturable and mediated by a single transport system, which is both $Na^+$-independent and pH-dependent. Choline uptake and cell viability were inhibited by various cationic drugs. Furthermore, a correlation analysis of the potencies of 47 drugs for the inhibition of choline uptake and cell viability showed a strong correlation. Choline uptake inhibitors and choline deficiency each inhibited cell viability and increased caspase-3/7 activity. We conclude that extracellular choline is mainly transported via a CTL1. The functional inhibition of CTL1 by cationic drugs could promote apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, CTL2 may be involved in choline uptake in mitochondria, which is the rate-limiting step in S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis and DNA methylation. Identification of this CTL1- and CTL2-mediated choline transport system provides a potential new target for esophageal cancer therapy.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.9 no.1_2
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• pp.25-35
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• 1994

Many nephrotoxic agents exert their effect primarily on the cells of the proximal tubules. We used the LLC-$PK_1$, kidney epithelial cell line as a model system for studies on nephrotoxicity and investigated whether the uptake of $\alpha$-methylglucose($\alpha$-MG) could serve as a parameter to assess effects of nephrotoxicants on the functional integrity of the cells at an early time of toxicity. The enzyme leakage test which has been used to be as a conventional cytotoxic parameter in vitro, was conducted to compare with $\alpha$-MG uptake. Treatment with cisplatin for 24 and 48 hours significantly increased activities of lactate dehydrogenase and $\gamma$-glutamyltransferase in culture medium at a concentration of 50$\mu$M. However, above 100$\mu$M of concentration, activities of these enzymes in media were dramatically decreased by cisplatin. These observations indicate that cisplatin has direct inhibitory effect on the activities of these enzymes and make it doutful to use enzyme leakage test to demonstrate damage of kidney cells by chemicals such as cisplatin over the appropriate range of concentration. Cisplatin inhibited $\alpha$-MG uptake at a low concentration which enzymes were not leaked. Also cadmium chloride and mercuric chloride which are acutely nephrotoxic in vivo, significantly inhibited $\alpha$-MG uptake at a low concentration. These results indicate that the uptake of $\alpha$-methylglucose in LLC-$PK_1$cell line is a useful biomarker for the study of nephrotoxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.163-182
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• 1972

The effects of caffeine on the ATPase activity and Ca uptake of the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle were studied. The ATPase activity of the heavy fraction (2,000-8,000xG) was stimulated by caffeine while that of other lighter fractions was not. It is suggested that the enhancement of the ATPase by the caffeine treatment. The Ca uptake of the heavy and middle (10,000-20,000xG) fractions was inhibited by caffeine when measured at the medium Ca concentration higher than 200 nmoles/mg protein, while only that of the heavy fraction was inhibited when measured at the Ca concentration below 200 nmoles/mg protein. Experiments with dicumarol suggested that caffeine inhibits the Ca uptake of the mitochondria as well as that of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and that the inhibition of the Ca uptake by caffeine in the low Ca concentration in the heavy fraction is due to the inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca uptake by caffeine. It appeared highly probable that the potentiation of muscle contraction caused by caffeine is solely due to the inhibition of the Ca uptake by and to the release of the accumulated Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2013

Previous studies have shown that Aloe QDM complex, which is consisted of chromium (Cr), aloesin (ALS) and processed Aloe vera gel (PAG), exert antidiabetic activity in a high fat diet-induced mouse model of type 2 diabetes. In this study we examined the mechanism of the antidiabetic activity of the Aloe QDM complex. Rat myoblast cell line L6 cells were cultured in the presence of Cr, ALS, and PAG alone and in combinations, and then the capability of the cells to uptake glucose was examined using radiolabeled glucose. All of the 3 agents, Cr, ALS and PAG, exerted glucose uptake-enhancing activity in L6 cells. The most potent capability to uptake glucose was observed when L6 cells were cultured with the Aloe QDM complex. The activity of the Aloe QDM complex to enhance glucose uptake was prominent in conditions where existing insulin concentrations are low. We also examined the effects of the Aloe QDM complex on the plasma membrane expression of GLUT4 in L6 cells. The Aloe QDM complex increased the content of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane, while decreasing the content of GLUT4 in the light microsome. Taken together, these results show that the antidiabetic activity of the Aloe QDM complex is at least in part due to the stimulation of glucose uptake into the muscle cells, and this activity of the Aloe QDM complex is mediated through the enhancement of the translocation of GLUT4 into the plasma membrane.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.71-74
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• 2008

To investigate the sulfate utilization efficiency in different rape (Brassica napus) cultivars, sulfate uptake are analyzed under complete S-supply level (2.0mM ${SO_4}^{2-}$). This study used ten different genotypes of rape (Mokpo, Tamra, Youngsan, Naehan, Saturnin, Akela, Mosa, Capitol, Pollen and Colosse). For comparison of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ uptake among 10 cultivars, leaf number, leaf length and width, root length was also observed. Leaf length and width in all cultivars less variable among the cultivars examined. The longest root was shown in Saturnin (36.3 cm). ${SO_4}^{2-}$ uptake in Saturnin, Youngsan and Mokpo was significantly higher whereas that of Mosa and Pollen was relativety lower. Saturnin and Mokpo which have a high ${SO_4}^{2-}$ uptake exhibited a high ${NO_3}^-$ uptake.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.330-334
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• 2005

The effect of a new hepatoprotective agent, YH-439, on the hepatobiliary transport of a model organic cation (OC), TBuMA (tributylmethylammonium), was investigated. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to 4 h following iv administration of TBuMA (6.6 $\mu$mol/kg) was increased significantly when YH-439 in corn oil (300 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats 24 h prior to the experiment. Nevertheless, the cumulative biliary excretion of TBuMA remained unchanged. As a consequence, the apparent biliary clearance ($CL_b$) of TBuMA was decreased significantly as a result of YH-439 pretreatment, consistent with the fact that the in vivo excretion clearance of TBuMA across the canalicular membrane ($CL_{exc}$) was not changed by the pretreatment. The in vitro uptake of TBuMA into isolated hepatocytes was decreased by one half by the pretreatment, owing to a decrease in the apparent V$_{max}$ and $CL_{linear}$, but the $K_m$ for the process remained constant. Most interestingly, however, the sinusoidal uptake of glucose, a nutrient, into hepatocytes was not influenced by the pretreatment, suggesting the YH-439 pretreatment specifically impaired the sinusoidal uptake of OCs. Thus, the OC-specific inhibition of hepatic uptake, without influencing the uptake of glucose, a nutrient, appeared to be associated with the hepatoprotective activity of YH-439.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2019

Objectives: We investigated whether membrane free stem cell extract from adipose tissue (MFSCE) has anti-diabetic effect. Methods: To determine glucose uptake effect of MFSCE, we carried out glucose uptake assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The regulatory mechanisms of MFSCE on glucose uptake were examined by Western blot analysis. Results: When MFSCE was treated to adipocytes at the concentration of 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 ㎍/mL, 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate uptake was elevated approximately 1.8-fold compared to cells not treated with MFSCE. It indicated that MFSCE enhances glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, MFSCE reduced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 at serine 307 and induced Akt and glucose transporter 4 protein expressions that were related to insulin signaling. Furthermore, MFSCE regulated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway by increases of increase phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase that were related to AMPK pathway. Conclusions: These results indicated that MFSCE promotes glucose uptake via modulation of insulin signaling and AMPK pathway. Therefore, MFSCE could be a promising agent for treatment of diabetes mellitus.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2005

Cadmium is well known as a toxic metal and has insulin mimicking effects in rat adipose tissue. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of CdCl₂ on glucose transport and its mechanism in 3T3 - L1 adipocytes. CdCl₂ exhibits respectively 2.2 and 2.8 fold increases in the 2-deoxyglucose uptake when exposed to 10 and 25 μM of CdCl₂ for 12 hr. To investigate the stimulating mechanism of glucose transport induced by CdCl₂. Wortmannin and PD98059 were used respectively as PI3K inhibitor and MAPK inhibitor, which did not affect 2-DOG uptake. This results suggest that induced 2-deoxy-(l-3H)-D-glucose (2-DOG) uptake by CdCl₂ may not be concerned with the insulin signalling pathway. Whereas nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker inhibited the 2- DOG uptake stimulated by CdCl₂. In addition, we also measured the increased production of Reactive oxygen substances (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) level in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to investigate correlation between the glucose uptake and increased production of ROS with H2DCFDA. CdCl₂ increased production of ROS. Induced 2-DOG uptake and increased production of ROS by CdCl₂ were decreased by N-acetylcystein (NAC). And L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) a potent inhibitor of γ-GCS, decreased of 2-DOG uptake. Also NAC and BSO changed the cellular GSH level, but GSH/GSSG ratio remained unchanged at 10, 25 μM of CdCl₂.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 1997

The experiments were undertaken to investigate the dynamics of $NO_3\;^-$ uptake at low temperature with forage rape(Bmssica napus), barle(Hordeum vulgare) and winter rye (Scale cereale). A net $NO_3\;^-$uptake and the contents of nitrogenous compound in tissues at low temperature ($5^{\circ}C$) were compared with normal temperature ($25^{\circ}C$).The net uptake of $NO_3\;^-$ by Brass ica nqus was the highest among three species at both temperature applied. During 9 hours after temperature treatment, $NO_3\;^-$ uptake of Brassica napus, Hordeum vulgm and Scale c e d e grown at $5^{\circ}C$ decreased to about 31, 50 and 27% compared with those grown at $25^{\circ}C$. $NO_3\;^-$ contents in roots were much sensitively affected by low temperature than those of leaves. Comparing with the plants grown at $25^{\circ}C$, $NO_3\;^-$ contents in roots of increased to 48.3, 38.7 and 53.5% repectively, for Brassica napus, Hordeum vulgare and Scale cereale during 9 days. A relatively less changes in the content of $NH_4\;^+$-N were observed according to the temperature treatment. The ontents of amino acids-N in leaves at $5^{\circ}C$ slightly decreased while that of roods remarkably increased compared with $25^{\circ}C$. Protein-N was the largest pool of nitrogen and its contents in leaves and roots showed a similar response on the temperature treatment. These results suggested that $NO_3\;^-$uptake was inhibited at low temperature. The dynamics of $NO_3\;^-$ uptake could be closely related to the increased concentration of $NO_3\;^-$ and amino acids in roots.