• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.646-660
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• 2017

This study provides basic data to develop a brassiere pattern that can cover the big breast of breast enlargement patients. In this study, we also showed areas of the brassiere cup pattern and the body surface of the breast on a breast enlargement patient. The results of the study are as follows. Correlation analysis was obtained between volume and body surface area and breast detail dimensions. After the correction process, we proposed a research bra pattern for breast augmentation patients. The cup-boundary in bra patterns of breast enlargement surgery patients is longer than the bra patterns of the general breast; therefore, the height of the inner and outer edges of the upper cups is higher. Also, it is necessary to set the new breast upper point when measuring the upper length in patients with breast augmentation surgery because the points of circumference of the breast are marked higher than chest circumference.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.647-650
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• 2006

The factors affecting clothing comfort are temperature, humidity, and air velocity of clothing microclimate which is the temperature and the humidity between the skin surface and the innermost garment, clothing pressure and clothing texture to the skin. This study was designed to estimate the distribution of clothing microclimate on the upper body. All the data of this study were collected from volunteered male subjects in the controlled climate chamber laboratory in which the temperature was $25\pm1^{\circ}C$, the relative humidity $50\pm5%$, and the air velocity 30cm/sec. All subjects should wear long-sleeved inner wear and pants woven in 100% cotton. Clothing microclimate temperature at 16 sites on the chest and 16 sites on the back was measured. The results were as follows: the distribution of the clothing microclimate temperature on the upper body was $30.6\sim34.7^{\circ}C$ on the breast and $31.5\sim35.4^{\circ}C$ on the back. While a mean temperature on the chest was 33.3$^{\circ}C$, it was 33.1$^{\circ}C$ on the back.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.9-18
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• 1982

In this study, we attempted to make an original pattern of clothing for an abnormal type of figure, especially for the type of kyphosis. We measured the curvature of the spine of a woman with kyphosis with a Martin measuring instrument and a silhouetter in the following ways. First, we counted the rate of shrinkage of the standard lines drawn on the surface of the body according as the body moved. Secondly, placing the front and back darts, the front and back shoulder darts and the side darts according to“Munhwa”pattern, we made cubic cuttings of four moving postures as well as the standing one. Thirdly, we superposed the developed patterns of the standing and the moving postures, measuring the position change and the amount of the chaange of the darts, and compared them. The results are as follows: 1) In the developed pattern of a cubic cutting of the basic pattern and the standing posture, the neckhole became larger than that of the basic pattern, and the waist line was lowered than that of the basic pattern because the center back line was shortened due to the curved backbone. 2) As for the change of the standard line according to the movement, we found that the waist line, the center front line, the center back line, the bust width line, the upper back width line and the back width line became longer. Special consideration must be given to the function of the clothing for an abnormal type of figure. 3) The difference of the measurements between the cubic cutting and the body measurement regardless of the body movement is due to a gap by an acute angle at the jutted place between the developed pattern and the body surface. We found that the body measurement of the upper back width line, the back width line and the bust line became larger. Consequently, in making an original clothing pattern, it is desirable that we must not place the front and the back waist darts at the jutted place on the back from the functional and the aesthetic viewpoint of clothing. It is also desirable that we must widen the neckhole because the shoulder angle is close to a straight line due to a jut of the upper back width line.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.314-323
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was performed to identify skin hydration status and skin surface pH according to the body parts of the aged with immobilization. Methods: The subjects were 101 aged patients in a hospital and a institution for the elderly in Seoul. Data for skin hydration and skin surface pH were collected using corneo-meter and skin pH-meter. The body parts of measurement were 10 parts; face, forearm, back of the hand, flank, upper abdomen, leg, back of the foot, heel, scapular, and sacrum. The data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: Skin hydration status were relatively low especially on lower extremity and back of body, and skin surface pH of scapular and sacrum were high. There was significant negative correlation between skin hydration status and skin surface pH on the 6 body parts. Conclusion: Skin hydration status and skin surface pH, especially on scapular, sacrum, and lower extremity need to be considered as important control factors for increasing skin health status of the aged with immobilization.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.3 s.56
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• pp.439-451
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• 2005

This study was to provide the fundamental data for the ease necessary to design clothes by investigating the variation of the upper body surface with the method of surgical tape. The subject were 8 young women in the standard somatotype. In the form of body surface according to arm movements, the shape of armscye circumference became gentle from the sunken form for the standing posture; scye depth became lower; lateral shoulder moved and rose toward the front center as the angle of arm movement became larger; scye depth is greatest in the standing. The items of horizontal ware largest in the standing posture except for front neck base circumference and front interscye breadth for side $90^{\circ}$ movement. In the items of vertical, while most of the front items increased but back ones generally decreased for all movement compared to the standing. After comparing differences in actual values between the form of body surface in the standing posture and the direct measurement, the following ease were suggested considering minimum measures to accommodate daily movements. Bust circumference/2 = 3cm; waist circumference/2 = 1.5cm; front interscye breadth/2 = 0.6cm; back interscye breadth/2 = 0.6cm; and underarm depth = 1.5cm

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.600-613
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to provide Torso pattern for Korean middle-aged women using 3D human body scan data. 155 women in their 40's or 50's were measured by Martin's anthropometry. Merging the data of 914 middle aged women provided by Korean agency for technology and standards, total of 1,069 subjects' data were analyzed. For data analysis, ANOVA, factor analysis and cluster analysis were done using SPSS PC+. And representative subject of each cluster was selected and they participated in 3D scanning and Torso pattern suggested for middle-aged women Torso pattern which investing the amount of ease according to each group for diffuse front interscye 30%, armscye circumference 30%, back interscye 40% using 3D human body scan data. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, as a result of the factor analysis, the first factor was 'obesity index of body', The second factor was 'verticality size of body', The third factor was 'verticality length of upper bodice', The fourth factor was 'drop value to represent silhouette', and the fifth factor was 'physique of upper bodice'. And, middle-aged women type were classified 3 types according to the cluster analysis. Type 1(Y-type) was the long upper Torso with wide shoulder. Type 2(H-type) was flat-body type with comparatively thin upper bodice and thin lower bodice. And type 3(A-type) was the obese type with comparatively thin upper bodice and fat lower bodice. Secondly, using CAD program, point filtering was performed and approximated surface model was made. It used that generated surface smoothing corrected for abnormally extruded points and scattered points based on the curvature information. And 3D surfaces were flatted onto the plane by the internal tools of CAD program. Difference ratios of outline length and area between 3D curves and 2D plane were 0.42% and 0.54%, respectively. Third, wearing test by the sensory evaluation showed that distinct difference almost every category. The movement functionality test shows that, in all the tests which reveal significant differences, especially, 'comparison pattern A' experienced inconvenience to neck width and neck depth.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2002

This study was to provide the fundamental data for a scientific and rational clothing construction by investigating the variation of the upper body surface with the use of the method of Surgical tape. The subject were 3 middle elementary schoolboys classified standard somatotype, and arm-movements were consisted of 6 types. The statistical analyses used in this study were mean, standard deviation and the ANOVA and LSD procedure. Shoulder point was moved to be the inside or upside and the shape of the armhole-line was differently changed as the arm-movement become larger. By moving to upside of the anterior armpit point, posterior armpit point and armpit point, the increase of the side seam length and the ascent of the line of width between armpits were distinct. And by arm-movements, in the items of horizontal, front neck base girth, back upper bust girth, back bust girth and back waist girth were increased and the other standard lines were apt to be decreased. In the items of vertical, all standard lines of front side and side seam length showed increased, back waist length and back length showed decreased. The variation of armhole was indefinite. In the rate of the variation, the shoulder length showed the maximum rate of contraction by 41.3%, decreasing 3.7 cm in $180^{\circ}$ degrees, and the side seam length showed the maximum rate of expansion by 60.6%, increasing 8.97 cm in the same degrees.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.68-79
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• 2009

It is inevitable to have cutting line to get the 2D pattern from 3D body surface. In this paper the efficiency of curvature plot as a cutting line in the process of flattening 3D surface was investigated. As reference, basic clothing construction line was adopted to divide the 3D surface into small blocks to make the flattening process easy. Female dummy as well as human body were scanned and surface of the upper body was segmented using curvature plot and basic constructing line. 2D tight-fit pattern was developed using three software, the RapidForm 2004, 2C-AN and Yuka CAD. Gap between clothes and body, and the clothing pressure on the body was observed to determine the fit of the clothes. As results, clothes constructed with blocks divided by curvature plot displayed a similar level of tight fit as compared with those by basic construction line. It was found that curvature plot is effective method as a segmentation of the 3D surface even for the actual body which does not have any previous reference line. It is expected that application of curvature plot will be expanded in 3D apparel technology.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 2008

This study aims to classify lower trunk body types of Chinese men in their middle age (30s and 40s) and suggest the standard for them to design slacks pattern. Mollison's relation deviations were used to analyze the direct measurement items in this research compared to those of Size Korea 2004. Though Korean middle-aged men were higher in most items than Chinese counterparts, all items except mid-thigh circumference and side hip length were merely within the range of ${\pm}1\sigma$. According to the results of size classification by absolute values, factor analysis extracted to 2 factors(horizontal size of lower body and vertical size of lower body), and cluster analysis brought about 3 types(type1: tall and thin trunk (36.9%), type 2 : normal height and thick trunk(45.5%), and type 3 : short and normal trunk(17.6%) with some significant differences among them. Also, the results of shape classification by index values, they were extracted 4 factors (waist-hip flatness, waist-hip cross section, vertical waist-groin and hip-surface length) by factor analysis and revealed 3 types(type 1: different waist-hip width, thick, long waist, long upper hip, and short hip-surface length(27.8%), type 2 : different waist-hip width, flat, short upper hip, high hip and groin, and average hip-surface length(29.4%), and type 3: small waist-hip width, thick, average upper hip, and short hip-surface length (42.8%)) with significant differences among them by cluster analysis. The results of standard body types by shape-size combination, 19subjects(10.16%) under these values are regarded as standard body types. Significance was not seen in all items in the t-test results between the total group and the standard group. The latter had lower variation coefficients and smaller individual differences than the former. However, in-depth research is required for generalization since this research is limited to a small number of subjects in Ningbo of Zhejiang.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.179-194
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• 1998

This study focused on the body composition of Korean Basketball Players in Dual X -ray Absorptiometry. The principal subjects of this study were 10 Basketball Players who participated in the process of Dual Energy X -ray Absorptiometry at K.H. University Hospital for 8 months from Sept. 1. 1996 to April, 30. 1997. On the basis of the these measurements, the authors calculated physical indices and total fat percent. On the results of bone densitometry, the author analyzed body fat weight, body composition according to body position, bone mineral density and discerned the difference between the fatness which was calculated indirectly and which gained from the bone densitometry. 1. General Characteristics The mean age of the subjects was 20.4$\times$1.35 year. 2. Physical. Measurement The mean physical growth and development of the subjects were superior to standard value of the average Koreans 3. Body Fat by Physical Measurement Body surface area was 2.019$\times$0.111$m^2$, body volume was 74.4$\times$7.2$\ell$, body density was 1.041$\times$0.007$\ell$/kg, and body fat percent was 24.9$\times$2.9%. 4. Body Fat by Bone Densitometry Total body fat percent was 15.17$\times$2.19% and according to body position that of upper limb was 1.62%, that of lower limb was 5.55%, that of trunk was 7.06% and that of head was 1.05%. There was significant difference between the amounts of body fat from the methods used in this study; that from physical measurements and from bone densitometry method could be said most desirable. 5. Body composition According to Body Position Trunk was highest at 46.7%, lower limb was 36.0%, upper limb was 10.6%, and head was 6.7% in order. 6. Bone Mineral Content and Bone Density In bone mineral amount by body position, that of upper limb was 466.9$\times$46.4g, that of lower limb was 1,424.1$\times$154.0g, that of trunk was 1,343.0$\times$150.3g, and total bone mineral content was 3,786.8$\times$348.4g(4.78$\times$0.13%). Bone mineral density by body position, that of upper limb was 0.758$\times$0.072g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, that of lower limb was 1,342$\times$0.095g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, that of trunk was 1,169$\textrm{cm}^2$0.082g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, that of head was 1,742$\times$0.154g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and total bone mineral density was 1,204$\times$0.077g/$\textrm{cm}^2$.